Understanding Antibiotic Usage on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in the Indian States of Assam and Haryana Using a Mixed-Methods Approach—Outcomes and Challenges

The use and misuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals contributes to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, a threat to public health and infection control. Currently, India is the world’s leading milk producer but antibiotic usage within the dairy sector is poorly regulated. Little data exists reflecting how antibiotics are used on dairy farms, especially on small-scale dairy farms in India. To address this lack of data, a study was carried out on 491 small-scale dairy farms in two Indian states, Assam and Haryana, using a mixed method approach where farmers were interviewed, farms inspected for the presence of antibiotics and milk samples taken to determine antibiotic usage. Usage of antibiotics on farms appeared low only 10% (95% CI 8–13%) of farmers surveyed confirmed using antibiotics in their dairy herds during the last 12 months. Of the farms surveyed, only 8% (6–11%) had milk samples positive for antibiotic residues, namely from the novobiocin, macrolides, and sulphonamide classes of antibiotics. Of the farmers surveyed, only 2% (0.8–3%) had heard of the term “withdrawal period” and 53% (40–65%) failed to describe the term “antibiotic”. While this study clearly highlights a lack of understanding of antibiotics among small-scale dairy farmers, a potential factor in the emergence of AMR bacteria, it also shows that antibiotic usage on these farms is low and that the possible role these farmers play in AMR emergence may be overestimated.

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Microbial and Chemical Adulterants Assessment of Raw Cow Milk Collected from Dairy Farms of Hlabisa Villages, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa

Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control ◽

10.18502/jfqhc.6.4.1994 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

N.H. Xulu ◽

S. Jamal-Ally ◽

K.D. Naidoo

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

The Body ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Small Scale ◽

Total Bacterial Count ◽

Dairy Farmers ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Kwazulu Natal ◽

Small Scale Dairy

Background: Milk is one of the most nutritious foods providing a variety of proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins needed to maintain, grow, and develop the body. The aim of this study was to assess microbial and chemical adulterants of raw cow milk collected from dairy farms of Hlabisa villages, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Methods: A total of 68 raw cow milk samples were obtained from teats sampling points, milking buckets, and communal pooling buckets. The bacteriological analysis was conducted for the detection of various bacteria in milk samples. Biochemical tests were also done to detect some chemical adulterants in milk samples. Results: Total bacterial count of teats, milking buckets, and communal milk pooling buckets were 6.91, 6.06, and 6.06 log Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/ml, respectively. The most found chemical adulterant was urea detected in 23 out of 68 (33.8%) samples, followed by hydrogen peroxide showed in 22 out of 68 (32.3%) samples. However, none of the samples were contaminated with formalin, starch, and neutralizer. Conclusion: The present study revealed high microbial contamination of raw cow milk produced by rural small-scale dairy farmers of Hlabisa villages, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, indicating the lack of standard operating sanitation. It was also stated that raw milk samples contained various types of chemical adulterants that may lead to severe health problems. Good hygiene practices must be adopted by small-scale dairy farmers at every stage of their milk handling and processing.

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DAYA SAING USAHA TERNAK SAPI PERAH RAKYAT DI KECAMATAN PUJON KABUPATEN MALANG JAWA TIMUR

Media Ekonomi ◽

10.25105/me.v22i1.2818 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Harmini Adibowo ◽

Feryanto Willcharo

Keyword(s):

Dairy Farm ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Government Policies ◽

Small Scale ◽

Milk Productivity ◽

Dairy Farmers ◽

Farm Unit ◽

The Impact ◽

Policy Analysis Matrix ◽

Small Scale Dairy

<em>Up to present, the dairy farmers only able to meet 25-30 percent of all milk demand in Indonesia, although milk and its derivatives continues to increase steadily. This condition occurs due to low milk productivity, small-scale dairy farm unit, inadequate government policies as well as economic globalization. The objectives of this study are, first, to measure the competitiveness of the small-scale dairy farm. Second, to evaluate the impact of government policies. Third, lastly, to analyse the implication of price changes on input-output. A Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) for data is applied. The results show that, first, the small-scale dairy farms operate in competitiveness. Second, so far government policies did not provide adequate incentives and directly promote the dairy farms’ competitiveness. Third, high import tariff (15 percent) could significantly protect the competitiveness of the small-scale dairy farms.</em>

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Isolation, identification and virulence determinants of Streptococcus agalactiae from bovine subclinical mastitis in Egypt

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.12668 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (08) ◽

pp. 1133-1138

Author(s):

Khaled Abd EL-Hamid Abd El-Razik ◽

Amany A Arafa ◽

Ehab A Fouad ◽

Abdelgayed M Younes ◽

Abdulaziz M Almuzaini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Streptococcus Agalactiae ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Small Scale ◽

Virulence Determinants ◽

Genetic Determinants ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Small Scale Dairy

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of contagious mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalctiae (S. agalactiae) in cattle from households and small-scale dairy farms in Egypt. Molecular characterization of S.agalactiae isolates was described including the genetic determinants of virulence to assess the genetic variation in isolated strains of S. agalactiae. Methodology: Three hundred and sixty milk samples were collected from 90 apparently healthy dairy cows randomly selected from household and small-scale dairy farms were examined by Somatic Cell Count (SCC) as an indicator for subclinical mastitis. S.agalactiae isolates were bacteriologically and molecularly identified followed by identification of virulence genes using PCR. Results: A total of 172 milk samples (47.77%) were positive with SCC > 200×103/ml. Bacteriological examination of the positive SCC milk samples revealed that 28 (16.28%) of the isolates were S.agalactiae. Molecular examination using PCR confirmed only 22 isolates of S. agalactiae (12.8%). Moreover, we used the pattern of virulence genes to address the genetic variation of S. agalactiae strains isolated from cases of contagious mastitis in cattle in Egypt. Virulence genes hylB, cylE, iagA, and bac were determined in 100%, 68.2%, 13.6% and 100% of isolates respectively. Conclusions: The use of molecular methods for the identification of the causative agent in mastitis confirmed that, in Egypt, Streptococcus agalactiae is considered as one of the predominant infectious agents among contagious mastitis causing pathogens. The pattern of virulence genes presented the genetic diversity of highly virulent S. agalactiae strains isolated from cases of contagious mastitis in cattle in Egypt.

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Evaluating the Development of Activity Monitoring Systems for Small Scale Dairy Farms

2020 7th International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Agricultural Engineering (EE&AE) ◽

10.1109/eeae49144.2020.9278987 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

George Papageorgiou ◽

Kyriakos Porgouris ◽

Andreas Efstathiades ◽

George A. Papageorgiou

Keyword(s):

Dairy Farms ◽

Activity Monitoring ◽

Small Scale ◽

Monitoring Systems ◽

Small Scale Dairy

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Use of information and communication technologies in small-scale dairy production systems in central Mexico

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479720000319 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 767-779

Author(s):

Juan de Dios García-Villegas ◽

Anastacio García-Martínez ◽

Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán ◽

Monica Elizama Ruiz-Torres ◽

Adolfo Armando Rayas-Amor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cluster Analysis ◽

Production Systems ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Small Scale ◽

Central Mexico ◽

Dairy Production ◽

Dairy Farmers ◽

Use Of Technology ◽

Group 2 ◽

Small Scale Dairy

AbstractThe objective of the study was to characterize small-scale dairy production systems to identify the technological preferences according to the farmer and farm characteristics and to analyze the importance and role of the information communication technologies (ICTs) in the dissemination of information related to management and livestock activities. To collect the data, a survey was applied to 170 small-scale dairy farmers from central Mexico. To characterize the farms, a factor analysis (FA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed. To compare and identify differences between groups, a Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted. Four factors that explain 70.93% of the accumulated variance were identified; these factors explain the use of technology, production characteristics, social connections, and use of ICTs. The cluster analysis identified four groups. Group 1 was integrated by farmers with more experience and the largest farms. Group 2 had higher studies and use of ICTs. Group 3 was formed by young farmers but had a low use of technology. Group 4 contained older farmers with a low use of technology. The young farmers with higher studies have begun to incorporate ICTs into their daily activities on the farm, as observed in Group 2. Smartphones were the most used and were considered important by the farmers of the four groups, since they enable interaction with other farmers and the dissemination of topics of interest related with the farm. In conclusion, four group of farmers were differentiated; therefore, different extension approaches should be implemented to take into account the preferences and the technologies considered most important for each group. The ICTs are emerging technologies among small-scale dairy farmers to communicate information related to livestock management, mainly by young farmers with studies of secondary, as observed in Group 2.

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Genetic diversity and population structure of Escherichia coli from neighboring small-scale dairy farms

The Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1007/s12275-011-0461-2 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 693-702 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jesús Andrei Rosales-Castillo ◽

Ma. Soledad Vázquez-Garcidueñas ◽

Hugo Álvarez-Hernández ◽

Omar Chassin-Noria ◽

Alba Irene Varela-Murillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Small Scale ◽

Small Scale Dairy

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Performance of small-scale dairy farms in the highlands of central Mexico during the dry season under traditional feeding strategies

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-014-0724-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 331-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Carlos Galdino Martínez-García ◽

Adolfo Armando Rayas-Amor ◽

Juan Pablo Anaya-Ortega ◽

Francisco Ernesto Martínez-Castañeda ◽

Angélica Espinoza-Ortega ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Farms ◽

Dry Season ◽

Small Scale ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Central Mexico ◽

Small Scale Dairy

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Comparison of the population structure of Streptococcus uberis mastitis isolates from Austrian small-scale dairy farms and a Slovakian large-scale farm

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2019-16930 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (2) ◽

pp. 1820-1830

Author(s):

Regina Wald ◽

Martina Baumgartner ◽

Julia Gutschireiter ◽

Benjamin Bazzanella ◽

Katharina Lichtmannsperger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Structure ◽

Large Scale ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Small Scale ◽

Streptococcus Uberis ◽

Small Scale Dairy

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Body Condition Score and Milk Production on Conception Rate of Cows under a Small-Scale Dairy System

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9100800 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 800

Author(s):

Luis Javier Montiel-Olguín ◽

Felipe J. Ruiz-López ◽

Miguel Mellado ◽

Eliab Estrada-Cortés ◽

Sergio Gómez-Rosales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Body Condition ◽

Body Condition Score ◽

Metabolic Stress ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Conception Rate ◽

Small Scale ◽

Condition Score ◽

The Impact ◽

Small Scale Dairy

Management and production characteristics impact conception rate to first service (CR1S) in small-scale dairy farms, but the impact of body condition score (BCS) and milk production levels on cows’ fertility is unknown. Our objective is to determine the effect of BCS and milk production on CR1S in small-scale dairy farms of western Mexico. Logistic regression models are used to determine the effect of BCS (at calving and first service), 60-d and 305-d milk production, protein and fat production, lactation number, and days at first service on CR1S. BCS at calving does not affect CR1S in cows with three or more lactations (39.5%; p > 0.1). However, first-lactation cows with BCS < 3.0 at calving and second lactation cows with BCS ≤ 2.5 at calving have higher CR1S (63.2 and 67.9%, respectively; p < 0.1). This result is perhaps due to reduced milk production, which leads to lower metabolic stress. BCS ≤ 2.5 at calving is associated (p < 0.05) with a reduced milk yield, explaining partially the observed higher CR1S in these groups. Cows with BCS ≤ 2.5 at first service in the higher quartile of 60-d milk production (≥ 28kg/day) show lower CR1S (23.9 and 51.1%, respectively; p < 0.01). In conclusion, BCS at calving and at first service, 60-d milk production, and lactation number are factors associated with CR1S.

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