scholarly journals The Antimicrobial Resistance Characteristics of Imipenem-Non-Susceptible, Imipenemase-6-Producing Escherichia coli

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Reo Onishi ◽  
Katsumi Shigemura ◽  
Kayo Osawa ◽  
Young-Min Yang ◽  
Koki Maeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Typical Pattern ◽  
Plasmid Replicon ◽  
Outer Membrane Porins ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Imipenemase-6 (IMP-6) type carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae is regarded as dangerous due to its unique lack of antimicrobial susceptibility. It is resistant to meropenem (MEPM) but susceptible to imipenem (IPM). In addition to carbapenemase, outer membrane porins and efflux pumps also play roles in carbapenem resistance by reducing the antimicrobial concentration inside cells. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) is transmitted with IMP-6 by the plasmid and broadens the spectrum of antimicrobial resistance. We collected 42 strains of IMP-6-producing Escherichia coli and conducted a molecular analysis of carbapenemase, ESBL, porin, efflux, and epidemiological characteristics using plasmid replicon typing. Among the 42 isolates, 21 strains were susceptible to IPM (50.0%) and 1 (2.4%) to MEPM. Seventeen strains (40.5%) co-produced CTX-M-2 type ESBL. We found that the relative expression of ompC and ompF significantly correlated with the MIC of IPM (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Sixty-eight% of CTX-M-2-non-producing strains had IncI1, which was significantly different from CTX-M-2-producing strains (p < 0.001). In conclusion, 50.0% of our IMP-6-producing strains were non-susceptible to IPM, which is different from the typical pattern and can be attributed to decreased porin expression. Further studies investigating other types of carbapenemase are warranted.

scholarly journals ESBL Activity, MDR, and Carbapenem Resistance among Predominant Enterobacterales Isolated in 2019

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 744
Author(s):  
Altaf Bandy ◽  
Bilal Tantry
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Resistance Rates

Antimicrobial-resistance in Enterobacterales is a serious concern in Saudi Arabia. The present study retrospectively analyzed the antibiograms of Enterobacterales identified from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019 from a referral hospital in the Aljouf region of Saudi Arabia. The revised document of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) CR-2015 and Magiorakos et al.’s document were used to define carbapenem resistance and classify resistant bacteria, respectively. The association of carbapenem resistance, MDR, and ESBL with various sociodemographic characteristics was assessed by the chi-square test and odds ratios. In total, 617 Enterobacterales were identified. The predominant (n = 533 (86.4%)) isolates consisted of 232 (37.6%), 200 (32.4%), and 101 (16.4%) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, respectively. In general, 432 (81.0%) and 128 (24.0%) isolates were of MDR and ESBL, respectively. The MDR strains were recovered in higher frequency from intensive care units (OR = 3.24 (1.78–5.91); p < 0.01). E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistance rates to imipenem (2.55 (1.21–5.37); p < 0.01) and meropenem (2.18 (1.01–4.67); p < 0.04), respectively, were significantly higher in winter. The data emphasize that MDR isolates among Enterobacterales are highly prevalent. The studied Enterobacterales exhibited seasonal variation in antimicrobial resistance rates towards carbapenems and ESBL activity.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Frederick Adzitey ◽  
Nurul Huda ◽  
Amir Husni Mohd Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility and diarrheagenic diagnosis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in Fortaleza, Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2150-2154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben V. Horn ◽  
Windleyanne G.A. Bezerra ◽  
Elisângela S. Lopes ◽  
Régis S.C. Teixeira ◽  
Isaac N.G. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feral Pigeons

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from captured feral pigeons in Fortaleza, Brazil, and, in addition to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and diagnose diarrheagenic E. coli strains. Pigeons were captured in four public locations in Fortaleza with three techniques. Individual cloacal swab samples were collected and submitted to bacterial isolation, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Disk diffusion technique was used with twelve antibiotics. E. coli strains were submitted to DNA extraction followed by PCR to diagnose five diarrheagenic pathotypes. A total of 124 birds were captured. One bird was positive for Salmonella enterica (0.81%) and 121 (97.58%) were positive for E. coli. Among these, 110 isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test and 28.18% (31/110) presented resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance to azithromycin was the most frequent (21.82%), followed by tetracycline (10.91%) and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (8.9%). Multidrug resistance, calculated as a resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial classes, was identified in 3.64% (4/110) of strains. The maximum number of antimicrobial classes to which one strain was resistant was seven. Results demonstrated nine different resistance profiles and the most frequent was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (4 strains), followed by chloramphenicol, azithromycin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (3 strains). Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and tobramycin presented lowest levels of antimicrobial resistance, to which none of the tested strains were resistant. A single strain was positive for the eltB gene, which is a diagnostic tool to identify the Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotype. None of the other investigated genes (stx1, stx2, estA, eaeA, ipaH, aatA and aaiC) were identified. The single isolate of S. enterica was a rough strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, but serotype identification was not possible. However, this isolate presented resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Therefore, captured feral pigeons of Fortaleza presented a low prevalence of S. enterica and diarrheagenic E. coli. Considering the investigated pathogens, our results suggest a good health status and a low public health risk. However, important antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified.

scholarly journals Incidence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Community- and Hospital-Associated Intra-Abdominal Infections in Europe: Results of the 2008 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART)

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 3043-3046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Hawser ◽  
Samuel K. Bouchillon ◽  
Daryl J. Hoban ◽  
Robert E. Badal ◽  
Rafael Cantón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Abdominal Infections

ABSTRACT From 2002 to 2008, there was a significant increase in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive Escherichia coli isolates in European intra-abdominal infections, from 4.3% in 2002 to 11.8% in 2008 (P < 0.001), but not for ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (16.4% to 17.9% [P > 0.05]). Hospital-associated isolates were more common than community-associated isolates, at 14.0% versus 6.5%, respectively, for E. coli (P < 0.001) and 20.9% versus 5.3%, respectively, for K. pneumoniae (P < 0.01). Carbapenems were consistently the most active drugs tested.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Grain-Fed Veal Meat from Southern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1245-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA COOK ◽  
RICHARD J. REID-SMITH ◽  
REBECCA J. IRWIN ◽  
SCOTT A. McEWEN ◽  
VIRGINIA YOUNG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Testing Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

This study estimated the prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli isolates in fresh retail grain-fed veal obtained in Ontario, Canada. The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns were examined for points of public health significance. Veal samples (n = 528) were collected from February 2003 through May 2004. Twenty-one Salmonella isolates were recovered from 18 (4%) of 438 samples and underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was found in 6 (29%) of 21 Salmonella isolates; 5 (24%) of 21 isolates were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. No resistance to antimicrobials of very high human health importance was observed. Ampicillin-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline resistance was found in 5 (3%) of 21 Salmonella isolates. Campylobacter isolates were recovered from 5 (1%) of 438 samples; 6 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was documented in 3 (50%) of 6 Campylobacter isolates. No Campylobacter isolates were resistant to five or more antimicrobials or category I antimicrobials. E. coli isolates were recovered from 387 (88%) of 438 samples; 1,258 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was found in 678 (54%) of 1,258 E. coli isolates; 128 (10%) of 1,258 were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. Five (0.4%) and 7 (0.6%) of 1,258 E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone, respectively, while 34 (3%) of 1,258 were resistant to nalidixic acid. Ciprofloxacin resistance was not detected. There were 101 different resistance patterns observed among E. coli isolates; resistance to tetracycline alone (12.7%, 161 of 1,258) was most frequently observed. This study provides baseline prevalence and antimicrobial resistance data and highlights potential public health concerns.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Different Clinical Isolates against Third-Generation Cephalosporins

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanta Gashe ◽  
Eshetu Mulisa ◽  
Mekidim Mekonnen ◽  
Gemechu Zeleke
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Jimma University

Background. Drug resistant microorganisms lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality as they boost the risk of inappropriate therapy. Hence, data on antimicrobial resistance help define the best possible treatment for individual patients. Therefore, this study aimed to screen the antimicrobial resistant profile of 3rd generation cephalosporin drugs in Jimma University Specialized Teaching Hospital. Methods. A hospital based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in Jimma University Specialized Hospital (JUSH) from April to August 2016. The clinical samples such as wound swab, urine, sputum, and stool were collected from hospitalized patients. Then, bacterial species were isolated and identified as per the standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out using various antimicrobial discs by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Results. Totally, 248 bacterial isolates were obtained from 154 (62.1%) male and 94 (37.9%) female patients. Escherichia coli (25.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.0 %) were the predominant organisms isolated from specimens. About 140 (56.5%) and 149 (60.1%) of the total bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, respectively. The majority of Escherichia coli isolates 46 (73%) were resistant to ceftriaxone and 41 (65%) of them were resistant to ceftazidime. Staphylococcus aureus, which accounted 19% of the total bacterial isolates, showed 23.4% and 34% resistance to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, respectively. Among the bacterial strains revealing resistant to ceftriazone and ceftazidime, about 109 (44%) and 108 (43.5%) of them were resistant to two, three, or four other drugs, respectively. Conclusion. Bacterial resistance towards third-generation cephalosporin (ceftriaxone and ceftazidime) is escalating as more than half of the isolated strains demonstrated resistance to these drugs. Moreover, these strains also revealed multidrug resistance mainly against clinically used drugs which could render therapy unsuccessful. Therefore, in clinical use appropriate medications should be selected based on the data obtained from antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

scholarly journals Effect of Exposure to Chlorhexidine Residues at “During Use” Concentrations on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile, Efflux, Conjugative Plasmid Transfer, and Metabolism of Escherichia coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wesgate ◽  
S. Fanning ◽  
Y. Hu ◽  
J.-Y. Maillard
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Phenotypic Microarray ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT There is no standardized protocol to predict the concentration levels of microbicides that are left on surfaces as a result of the use of these products, and there is no standardized method to predict the potential risk that such levels pose to emerging antibacterial resistance. The ability to distinguish between selection and adaption processes for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria and the impact of different concentrations of microbicide exposure have not been fully investigated to date. This study considers the effect of exposure to a low concentration of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on selected phenotypes of Escherichia coli and relates the findings to the risk of emerging antimicrobial resistance. A concentration of 0.006 mg/ml CHX is a realistic “during use” exposure concentration measured on surfaces. At this concentration, it was possible for CHX-susceptible bacteria to survive, adapt through metabolic alterations, exhibit a transient decrease in antimicrobial susceptibility, and express stable clinical cross-resistance to front-line antibiotics. Efflux activity was present naturally in tested isolates, and it increased in the presence of 0.00005 mg/ml CHX but ceased with 0.002 mg/ml CHX. Phenotypic microarray assays highlighted a difference in metabolic regulation at 0.00005 mg/ml and 0.002 mg/ml CHX; more changes occurred after growth with the latter concentration. Metabolic phenotype changes were observed for substrates involved with the metabolism of some amino acids, cofactors, and secondary metabolites. It was possible for one isolate to continue transferring ampicillin resistance in the presence of 0.00005 mg/ml CHX, whilst 0.002 mg/ml CHX prevented conjugative transfer. In conclusion, E. coli phenotype responses to CHX exposure are concentration dependent, with realistic residual CHX concentrations resulting in stable clinical cross-resistance to antibiotics.

scholarly journals A survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from Sable Island horses

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Timonin ◽  
J. Poissant ◽  
P.D. McLoughlin ◽  
C.E. Hedlin ◽  
J.E. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Total Population ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Isolated Population ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Minimal Contact

The feral horses of Sable Island are a geographically isolated population located ∼160 km off the east coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. Because these horses have no contact with domestic animals, have minimal contact with people, and have never received antimicrobials, they offer a unique opportunity to study the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in unmanaged populations. As part of an ongoing multidisciplinary and individual-based monitoring program, we collected feces from 508 geolocalized horses (92% of the total population) between July and September 2014. We selectively cultured Escherichia coli on MacConkey and CHROMagar ESBL media. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined, and organisms resistant to β-lactam antimicrobials were screened for β-lactamase genes by PCR. Escherichia coli was recovered from 146 (28.7%) individuals, and the majority of isolates (97%) were susceptible to all drugs tested. Resistance to tetracycline was most common, including organisms isolated from 4 (2.7%) of the colonized horses. A single isolate resistant to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, and ceftiofur was identified, which possessed the CTX-M-1 gene. Our findings demonstrate that although antimicrobial resistance is not common in this remote population, clinically relevant resistance genes are present.

scholarly journals Appropriate Regulation of the σE-Dependent Envelope Stress Response Is Necessary To Maintain Cell Envelope Integrity and Stationary-Phase Survival in Escherichia coli

2017 ◽  
Vol 199 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Nicoloff ◽  
Saumya Gopalkrishnan ◽  
Sarah E. Ades
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Envelope Stress ◽  
Outer Membrane Porins

ABSTRACT The alternative sigma factor σE is a key component of the Escherichia coli response to cell envelope stress and is required for viability even in the absence of stress. The activity of σE increases during entry into stationary phase, suggesting an important role for σE when nutrients are limiting. Elevated σE activity has been proposed to activate a pathway leading to the lysis of nonculturable cells that accumulate during early stationary phase. To better understand σE-directed cell lysis and the role of σE in stationary phase, we investigated the effects of elevated σE activity in cultures grown for 10 days. We demonstrate that high σE activity is lethal for all cells in stationary phase, not only those that are nonculturable. Spontaneous mutants with reduced σE activity, due primarily to point mutations in the region of σE that binds the −35 promoter motif, arise and take over cultures within 5 to 6 days after entry into stationary phase. High σE activity leads to large reductions in the levels of outer membrane porins and increased membrane permeability, indicating membrane defects. These defects can be counteracted and stationary-phase lethality delayed significantly by stabilizing membranes with Mg2+ and buffering the growth medium or by deleting the σE-dependent small RNAs (sRNAs) MicA, RybB, and MicL, which inhibit the expression of porins and Lpp. Expression of these sRNAs also reverses the loss of viability following depletion of σE activity. Our results demonstrate that appropriate regulation of σE activity, ensuring that it is neither too high nor too low, is critical for envelope integrity and cell viability. IMPORTANCE The Gram-negative cell envelope and cytoplasm differ significantly, and separate responses have evolved to combat stress in each compartment. An array of cell envelope stress responses exist, each of which is focused on different parts of the envelope. The σE response is conserved in many enterobacteria and is tuned to monitor pathways for the maturation and delivery of outer membrane porins, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide to the outer membrane. The activity of σE is tightly regulated to match the production of σE regulon members to the needs of the cell. In E. coli, loss of σE results in lethality. Here we demonstrate that excessive σE activity is also lethal and results in decreased membrane integrity, the very phenotype the system is designed to prevent.

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