scholarly journals Effects of Tylosin, a Direct-Fed Microbial and Feedlot Pen Environment on Phenotypic Resistance among Enterococci Isolated from Beef Cattle Feces

Antibiotics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Murray ◽  
Ashlyn C. Holbert ◽  
Keri N. Norman ◽  
Sara D. Lawhon ◽  
Jason E. Sawyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Cattle Feces ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selective Effects

In two sequential replicates (n = 90 and n = 96 feedlot finisher cattle, respectively) we measured the impact of an Enterococcus faecium-based probiotic (DFM) and an altered feedlot pen environment on antimicrobial resistance among fecal enterococci in cattle fed (or, not fed) the macrolide tylosin. Diluted fecal samples were spiral-plated on plain and antibiotic-supplemented m-Enterococcus agar. In the first replicate, tylosin significantly (p < 0.05) increased the relative quantity of erythromycin-resistant enterococci. This effect was diminished in cattle fed the DFM in conjunction with tylosin, indicating a macrolide susceptible probiotic may help mitigate resistance. A similar observed effect was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) in the second replicate. Isolates were speciated and resistance phenotypes were obtained for E. faecium and E. hirae. Susceptible strains of bacteria fed as DFM may prove useful for mitigating the selective effects of antibiotic use; however, the longer-term sustainability of such an approach remains unclear.

scholarly journals Effects of a Direct-Fed Microbial and Feedlot Pen Environmental Change on Phenotypic Resistance among Enterococci Isolated from Beef Cattle Feces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Murray ◽  
Ashlyn C. Holbert ◽  
Keri N. Norman ◽  
Sara D. Lawhon ◽  
Jason E. Sawyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sequence Types

In two sequential replicates (n=90 and n=96 feedlot finisher cattle, respectively) we measured the impact of an Enterococcus faecium-based probiotic (DFM) and an altered feedlot pen environment on antimicrobial resistance among fecal enterococci in cattle fed (or, not fed) the macrolide tylosin. Diluted fecal samples were spiral-plated on plain and antibiotic-supplemented m-Enterococcus agar. In the first replicate, tylosin significantly (p&amp;lt;0.05) increased the relative quantity of erythromycin-resistant enterococci. This effect was diminished in cattle fed the DFM in conjunction with tylosin. A similar observed effect was not statistically significant (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in the second replicate. Isolates were speciated and resistance phenotypes were obtained for E. faecium and E. hirae. E. faecium isolates were whole-genome sequenced, which yielded sequence types (ST), resistance genes and phylogeny. Samples of the DFM were sequenced and found to contain E. faecium ST296, which was not present on Day 0 of either replicate. This DFM sequence type was found in fecal samples after Day 0, the majority of which were isolated from cattle in one of the DFM-fed pens. Increased prevalence of ST296 occurred with a concomitant decrease in ST240; of importance, the latter typically harbored both ermB and tet(M) genes.

scholarly journals 670. Precision Metagenomic (PM) Sequencing Outperforms Conventional Urine Culture in Detecting Clinically Relevant Microorganisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S437-S438
Author(s):  
Rita C Stinnett ◽  
Bethany Kent ◽  
Marta Mangifesta ◽  
Anagha Kadam ◽  
Heng Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Panel Member ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Morbidity from urinary tract infection (UTI) is high. Urine culture is the reference method for UTI diagnosis. Its diagnostic yield is limited as prior antibiotic use prevents growth of established uropathogens, many emerging uropathogens do not grow under routine culture conditions, and results interpretation can be subjective. Faster, more comprehensive diagnostics could help manage recurrent and/or drug-resistant infections. We evaluated the diagnostic yield of a precision metagenomic (PM) workflow for pathogen detection & antimicrobial resistance (AMR) characterization directly from urine. Methods Residual urine samples from symptomatic adults evaluated by culture & susceptibility were identified by a combination of consecutive & stratified random sampling (n=480; 79% culture positive). DNA was extracted with modifications to the Quick-DNA Urine Kit (Zymo). Libraries were generated with Illumina DNA Prep with Enrichment for clinically relevant targets (191 pathogens, 1976 AMR markers) with the Explify Urinary ID/AMR Panel (UPIP, IDbyDNA). Enriched libraries were sequenced on the NextSeq550 (Illumina) and data analyzed with the Explify UPIP Data Analysis Solution (IDbyDNA). Results For bacterial uropathogens, 94% positive agreement was observed between this PM workflow and culture. PM detected fastidious and/or anaerobic potential uropathogens in 30% and 7% of samples reported as culture-negative or positive for other bacteria, respectively. Total agreement between AMR marker detection and phenotypic resistance was 78%. Notably, PM predicted phenotypes of ESBL E. coli and K. pneumoniae (10/10), MRSA (9/9), and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (4/5). PM also detected pathogens associated with sexually-transmitted infection (C. trachomatis, HSV) and bacterial vaginosis (G. vaginalis). PM produced complete results within 24-36 hours of sample receipt (vs culture & susceptibility: 42-72 hrs). Conclusion The sensitivity of PM for uropathogen detection was noninferior to culture (Δ = 0.05; Nam RMLE; p &lt; 0.0005). PM predicted antimicrobial resistance phenotypes for common uropathogens and identified potential pathogens not detected by conventional culture. Future studies should assess the impact of PM-guided management on clinical outcomes. Disclosures Rita C. Stinnett, PhD, MHS, IDbyDNA (Employee) Marta Mangifesta, PhD, IDbyDNA (Employee) Anagha Kadam, PhD, IDbyDNA (Employee) Heng Xie, PhD, IDbyDNA (Employee) Stacie Stauffer, BS, IDbyDNA (Employee) Jamie Lemon, PhD, D(ABMM), IDbyDNA (Employee) Benjamin Briggs, MD, PhD, IDbyDNA (Employee) Lauge Farnaes, MD, PhD, Cardea Bio (Advisor or Review Panel member)IDbyDNA (Employee) Robert Schlaberg, MD, MPH, IDbyDNA (Consultant, Shareholder, Co-founder)

scholarly journals Piglet Gut and in-Barn Manure from Farms on a Raised without Antibiotics Program Display Reduced Antimicrobial Resistance but an Increased Prevalence of Pathogens

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1152
Author(s):  
Samuel M. Chekabab ◽  
John R. Lawrence ◽  
Alvin C. Alvarado ◽  
Bernardo Z. Predicala ◽  
Darren R. Korber
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Conventional Farms ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

In response to new stringent regulations in Canada regarding the use of antibiotics in animal production, many farms have implemented practices to produce animals that are raised without antibiotics (RWA) from birth to slaughter. This study aims to assess the impact of RWA production practices on reducing the actual total on-farm use of antibiotics, the occurrence of pathogens, and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A 28-month longitudinal surveillance of farms that adopted the RWA program and conventional farms using antibiotics in accordance with the new regulations (non-RWA) was conducted by collecting fecal samples from 6-week-old pigs and composite manure from the barn over six time points and applying whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to assess the prevalence of AMR genes as well as the abundance of pathogens. Analysis of in-barn drug use records confirmed the decreased consumption of antibiotics in RWA barns compared to non-RWA barns. WGS analyses revealed that RWA barns had reduced the frequency of AMR genes in piglet feces and in-barn manure. However, metagenomic analyses showed that RWA barns had a significant increase in the frequency of pathogenic Firmicutes in fecal samples and pathogenic Proteobacteria in barn manure samples.

scholarly journals PRO: The COVID-19 pandemic will result in increased antimicrobial resistance rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius J Clancy ◽  
Deanna J Buehrle ◽  
M Hong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Hospital Units ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We argue that the COVID-19 pandemic will result in increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Broad-spectrum antibiotic use is common among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and in excess of reported secondary infection rates, suggesting unnecessary prescribing. Selection pressure is likely to be particularly intense in COVID-19 epicentres and within non-epicentre hospital units dedicated to COVID-19 care. Risk factors that increase the likelihood of hospitalization or poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients, such as advanced age, nursing home residence, debilitation, diabetes and cardiopulmonary or other underlying systemic diseases, also predispose to AMR infections. Worry for AMR emergence is heightened since first-wave COVID-19 epicentres were also AMR epicentres. Disruptive direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 globally on economic systems, governance and public health expenditure and infrastructure may fuel AMR spread. We anticipate that the impact of COVID-19 on AMR will vary between epicentres and non-epicentres, by geographic region, hospital to hospital within regions and within specific hospital units.

UK initiatives to reduce antimicrobial resistant infections, 2013-2018

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Uk Government ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the local, national and global actions from the UK to reduce the impact of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on human health. Design/methodology/approach – Synthesis of UK government policy, surveillance and research on AMR. Findings – Activities that are taking place by the UK government, public health and professional organisations are highlighted. Originality/value – This paper describes the development and areas for action of the UK AMR strategy. It highlights the many interventions that are being delivered to reduce antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistant infections.

scholarly journals Effect of Antimicrobial Dosage Regimen on Salmonella and Escherichia coli Isolates from Feeder Swine

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1731-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Wagner ◽  
Barbara E. Straw ◽  
Paula J. Fedorka-Cray ◽  
David A. Dargatz
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance ◽  
Continuous Pulse

ABSTRACT A body of evidence exists that suggests that antimicrobial use in food animals leads to resistance in both pathogenic and commensal bacteria. This study focused on the impact of three different antimicrobial regimes (low-level continuous, pulse, and no antimicrobial) for two antimicrobials (chlortetracycline and tylosin) on the presence of Salmonella spp. and on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of both Salmonella spp. and nonspecific Escherichia coli in fecal samples from feeder swine. The prevalence of fecal samples positive for Salmonella spp. significantly decreased between the samples taken at feeder placement compared to samples taken when the animals were close to market weight. Differences in resistance of Salmonella spp. did not appear to be influenced by dosing treatment including the control. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance examining both susceptibility and resistance, as well as MIC outcomes, demonstrated that only resistance to cephalothin increased in E. coli under the pulse chlortetracycline treatment. These results suggest that the dosing regimes examined in this study did not lead to an increase in either the prevalence of Salmonella spp. or the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Salmonella spp. or E. coli.

scholarly journals Impact of a mobile decision support tool on antimicrobial stewardship indicators in St. John’s, Canada

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252407
Author(s):  
Daniel Doyle ◽  
Gerald McDonald ◽  
Claire Pratt ◽  
Zahra Rehan ◽  
Tammy Benteau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Survey Tool ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Objectives Inappropriate antibiotic use contributes to antimicrobial resistance. The SpectrumTM app provides antibiotic decision support, based on local antimicrobial resistance rates. We determined the impact of regional implementation of the app on inpatient antimicrobial appropriateness, inpatient antimicrobial usage (AMU), population-based Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) rates and cost, using a retrospective, before and after quasi-experimental design, including a one-year study period. Methods The SpectrumTM app was released to prescribers in February, 2019. We performed two one-day inpatient point prevalence surveys using the National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey tool, six months before (June 25, 2018) and six months after (June 25, 2019) app dissemination. Inpatient AMU in Defined Daily Dose/1000 patient days and CDI incidence were compared, before and after app dissemination. Results The pre-survey included 184 prescriptions, and the post-survey included 197 prescriptions. Appropriateness was 97/176 (55.1%) pre, and 126/192 (65.6%) post (+10.5%, p = 0.051). Inpatient AMU declined by 6.6 DDD/1000 patient days per month, and CDI declined by 0.3 cases per month. Cost savings associated with reduced AMU were $403.98/bed/year and associated with reduced CDI were $82,078/year. Conclusion We observed improvement in antimicrobial stewardship indicators following SpectrumTM implementation. We cannot determine the cause of these improvements.

scholarly journals Impact of an antimicrobial resistance control program: pre- and post-training antibiotic use in children with typhoid fever

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfrida A. Rachmah ◽  
Maftuchah Rochmanti ◽  
Dwiyanti Puspitasari
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pediatric Residents ◽  
The Impact

Inappropriate use of antibiotics may lead to antimicrobial resistance. In 2012, Dr. Soetomo Hospital conducted training for pediatric residents on the proper use of antibiotics to limit antimicrobial resistance.Objective To evaluate the impact of a rational, antibiotic-use training program for pediatric residents on their antibiotic prescriptions for patients with typhoid fever.Methods A cross-sectional, analytic study was conducted. We collected data from children with typhoid fever who were hospitalized in Dr. Soetomo Hospital, pre- and post-training on antibiotic prescriptions. Children with other known bacterial infections or who were discharged on request were excluded. Antibiotic prescriptions were evaluated using Gyssens algorithm based on the local protocol. Chi-square test was used to compare the quality of antibiotic prescriptions, before (year 2012) and after (year 2013) the training.Results Forty-nine patients with 67 prescriptions in 2012 and 34 patients with 48 prescriptions in 2013 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Patients’ ages ranged from 1-18 years. Diagnoses of uncomplicated and complicated typhoid were found in 74% and 26% of subjects, respectively. First line (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, ampicillin, trimetroprim and sulfametoxazol) and second line (ceftriaxone and cefixime) use were 72% and 28%, respectively. All patients were discharged in good condition. Appropriate use of antibiotics was noted in 61% of subjects in 2012 and in 81% of subjects in 2013 (P=0.036). The most common type of error in 2012 and 2013 was dosage imprecision (25% and 17%, respectively).Conclusion Training on appropriate use of antibiotics significantly improved the quality of antibiotics prescribed in children with typhoid fever in Dr. Soetomo Hospital.

scholarly journals A Model to Investigate the Impact of Farm Practice on Antimicrobial Resistance in UK Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Lanyon ◽  
John R. King ◽  
Dov J. Stekel ◽  
Rachel L. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Waste Management Practices ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe ecological and human health impact of antibiotic use and the related antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal husbandry is poorly understood. In many countries, there has been considerable pressure to reduce overall antibiotic use in agriculture or to cease or minimise use of human critical antibiotics. However, a more nuanced approach would consider the differential impact of use of different antibiotic classes; for example, it is not known whether reduced use of bacteriostatic or bacteriolytic classes of antibiotics would be of greater value. We have developed an ordinary differential equation model to investigate the effects of farm practice on the spread and persistence of AMR in the dairy slurry tank environment. We model the chemical fate of bacteriolytic and bacteriostatic antibiotics within the slurry and their effect on a population of bacteria, which are capable of resistance to both types of antibiotic. Through our analysis, we find that changing the rate at which a slurry tank is emptied may delay the proliferation of multidrug-resistant bacteria by up to five years depending on conditions. This finding has implications for farming practice and the policies that influence waste management practices. We also find that, within our model, the development of multidrug resistance is particularly sensitive to the use of bacteriolytic antibiotics, rather than bacteriostatic antibiotics, and this may be cause for controlling the usage of bacteriolytic antibiotics in agriculture.

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