scholarly journals Estimation of Biogas Generated in Two Landfills in South-Central Ecuador

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1365
Author(s):  
Paulina Poma ◽  
Marco Usca ◽  
María Polanco ◽  
Theofilos Toulkeridis ◽  
Carlos Mestanza-Ramón

The landfill is a final disposal technique to confine municipal solid waste (MSW), where organic matter is degraded generating leachate and biogas composed of methane gases (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases that contribute to global warming. The objective of the current research was to estimate the amount of biogas generated through the LandGEM 3.03 mathematical model to determine the amount of electrical energy generated and the number of homes that would be supplied with electrical energy from 2021 to 2144. As a result of the application, it was estimated that in the Pichacay landfill, the highest point of biogas generation in 2053 would be 76,982,177 (m3/year) that would generate 81,226,339.36 (kWh/year), and would supply 5083 homes with electricity. Similarly, in the Las Iguanas landfill, the highest point would be 693,975,228 (m3/year) of biogas that produces 73,223,5296.7 (kWh/year) and would supply electricity to 45,825 homes. Of the performed gas analyses in the Pichacay landfill in 2020, an average of 51.49% CH4, 40.35% CO2, 1.75% O2 and 17.8% H2S was presented, while in the Las Iguanas landfill, for 2020 and 2021, we obtained an average of 51.88/CH4, 36.62% CO2, 1.01% O2 and 187.58 ppm H2S. Finally, the biogas generated by being harnessed minimizes the impacts related to global warming and climate change and would contribute electricity to the nearby communities.

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 03013
Author(s):  
Badrus Zaman ◽  
Wiharyanto Oktiawan ◽  
Mochtar Hadiwidodo ◽  
Endro Sutrisno ◽  
Purwono ◽  
...  

The generation of solid waste around the world creates problems if not properly managed. The method of processing solid waste by burning or landfill is currently not optimal. The availability of land where the final processing (TPA) is critical, looking for a new TPA alternative will be difficult and expensive, especially in big cities. The processing of solid waste using bio drying technology has the potential to produce renewable energy and prevention of climate change. Solid waste processing products can serve as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), reduce water content of solid waste, meningkatkan kualitas lindi and increase the amount of recycled solid waste that is not completely separated from home. Biodrying technology is capable of enhancing the partial disintegration and hydrolysis of macromolecule organic compounds (such as C-Organic, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, total nitrogen). The application of biodrying has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and dinitrooksida (N2O). These gases cause global warming.


The study aims to focuses on waste-to-energy and especially its current status and benefits, with regard to GHG, renewable energy production and slurry management based on an experience in Nepal. An environment pollution and climate change happened due to green house gases (GHG) emission. As we know that the most of the anthropogenic emission of GHG results from the combustion of fossil fuels but we should also know that environmental concerns such as waste management also contribute for Global Warming. The solid waste management is based on an understanding of MSWs composition and physiochemical characteristics. The results show that organic matter represents 69% of waste, followed by paper-cardboard 7%, plastic 8%, miscellaneous 13%, metal 1% and glass 2%. The major source of GHG from landfill sites which produce significant methane and carbon dioxide gas. The main impact of the methane is on global scale, as a greenhouse gas. Although levels of methane in the environment are relatively low, its high “global warming potential” (21 times that of carbon dioxide) rank it amongst the worst of green house gases. The main cause to increase atmospheric temperature due to highly production of GHG (CH4, CO2 & N2O etc). GHG mitigation measure in the waste include source reduction through waste prevention, recycling, composting, waste to energy incineration and methane capture from landfills and waste water. Specific mitigation option include use of 3R principle; waste segregation, reduction at source; composting anaerobic digestion for biogas; sanitary landfill sites with methane capture; healthcare waste management; proper statutory framework; public participation; private sector partnership; tax waiver for recycling enterprises; and financial management. Regulation is required to ban of recyclable waste in landfill.


2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Fischer ◽  
Fernando Ramírez ◽  
Fánor Casierra-Posada

The increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse effect gases has led to global warming, which has resulted in climate change, increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and changes in the hydrological cycle, affecting the growth, development, production and quality of fruit crops, which undoubtedly will be difficult to predict and generalize because the physiological processes of plants are multidimensional. This review outlines how the effects of high/low solar radiation, temperature, water stress from droughts, flooding and rising levels of CO2 in the atmosphere affect fruit crops and their growth and physiology.


Author(s):  
Paulo Renda Anderson ◽  
Carlos Mergulhão Júnior ◽  
Moacy José Stoffes Junior ◽  
Cléver Reis Stein

This article describes the construction of a complete experimental apparatus to simulate the greenhouse and global warming for educatioal use. These demonstrations are fundamental for people understand the importance of greenhouse effect to keep that life continues on earth and, know about climate change and the causes of global warming. For development of this devise we used an Arduino UNO, temperature and pressure sensors, and low cost products. The experimental results showed that the average atmosphere temperature increases with the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2). Moreover, this apparatus can be used in classroom to demonstration these important global phenomena.


2016 ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
András Tamás

In the atmosphere, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are rising in gradually increasing pace since the Industrial Revolution. The rising concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes to global warming, and the changes affect to both the precipitation and the evaporation quantity. Moreover, the concentration of carbon dioxide directly affects the productivity and physiology of plants. The effect of temperature changes on plants is still controversial, although studies have been widely conducted. The C4-type plants react better in this respect than the C3-type plants. However, the C3-type plants respond more richer for the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nwaeze ◽  
Richard C. Ehiri

This paper investigates the effect of increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on rainwater. The design of this research includes the collection and analysis of recorded partial pressures of carbon dioxide (pCO2) at six air-space control stations in Nigeria. The already established equations for the chemistry of water constitute the theoretical framework of this investigation. These equations resolve into a mathematical model which connects the pCO2 and the activity index of hydrogen ions (pH) in rainwater. A cubic polynomial, which represents the predictive framework of this study, fits the average pCO2, while the model generates the corresponding pH. The obtained results show that the increasing levels of CO2 contribute to climate change and the proportionate decrease of pH in rainwater. An extrapolated result reveals that the acidity of rainwater will increase from 5.3% in 2000 to 93.7% by 2050.


2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian K Mohareb ◽  
Mostafa Warith ◽  
Roberto M Narbaitz

The Government of Canada has ratified the Kyoto Protocol, committing to a 6% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1990 levels during the commitment period of 2008–2012. To attain this target, emission reductions throughout many sectors must be achieved. The waste sector can assist Canada in reducing GHG emissions to meet its commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. In 2001, the waste sector generated 24.8 megatonnes (Mt) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) from landfill gas (LFG) generation, wastewater treatment, and incineration. Emissions from the transportation of solid waste were not considered, and are seen to be small. Several strategies for reducing GHG emissions from solid waste are analyzed. Source reduction decreases the amount of material being generated, thus reducing from the source any emissions that might be related to the life cycle of the material. Recycling can reduce GHG emissions by reducing the amount of virgin material being processed, avoiding life cycle emissions. Landfill gas collection for energy recovery can reduce methane (CH4) emissions from organic wastes in landfills, and the Government of Canada's Climate Change Plan has considered this strategy. Anaerobic digestion converts some of the organic matter in the municipal solid waste (MSW) to both CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2), where the CH4 can be used to generate power, while composting converts some of the organic fraction to CO2. Both of these processes produce a soil conditioner as their residue. Waste incineration reduces MSW volume and can generate power, displacing generation from fossil fuels. An integrated approach, considering these techniques where appropriate, can succeed in reducing emissions from the solid waste sector. Policy choices such as extended producer responsibility, minimum recycled content laws, and LFG capture criteria would increase the impact of solid waste management on GHG emissions. Key words: climate change, Kyoto Protocol, municipal solid waste, source reduction, recycling, landfill gas capture, anaerobic digestion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hadi Dehghani ◽  
Mehdi Salari ◽  
Rama Rao Karri ◽  
Farshad Hamidi ◽  
Roghayeh Bahadori

AbstractIn the present study, reactive red 198 (RR198) dye removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption using municipal solid waste (MSW) compost ash was investigated in batch mode. SEM, XRF, XRD, and BET/BJH analyses were used to characterize MSW compost ash. CNHS and organic matter content analyses showed a low percentage of carbon and organic matter to be incorporated in MSW compost ash. The design of adsorption experiments was performed by Box–Behnken design (BBD), and process variables were modeled and optimized using Box–Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) and genetic algorithm-artificial neural network (GA-ANN). BBD-RSM approach disclosed that a quadratic polynomial model fitted well to the experimental data (F-value = 94.596 and R2 = 0.9436), and ANN suggested a three-layer model with test-R2 = 0.9832, the structure of 4-8-1, and learning algorithm type of Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation. The same optimization results were suggested by BBD-RSM and GA-ANN approaches so that the optimum conditions for RR198 absorption was observed at pH = 3, operating time = 80 min, RR198 = 20 mg L−1 and MSW compost ash dosage = 2 g L−1. The adsorption behavior was appropriately described by Freundlich isotherm, pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Further, the data were found to be better described with the nonlinear when compared to the linear form of these equations. Also, the thermodynamic study revealed the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. In relation to the reuse, a 12.1% reduction in the adsorption efficiency was seen after five successive cycles. The present study showed that MSW compost ash as an economical, reusable, and efficient adsorbent would be desirable for application in the adsorption process to dye wastewater treatment, and both BBD-RSM and GA-ANN approaches are highly potential methods in adsorption modeling and optimization study of the adsorption process. The present work also provides preliminary information, which is helpful for developing the adsorption process on an industrial scale.


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