Spatial-Temporal Changes of Methane Content in the Atmosphere for Selected Countries and Regions with High Methane Emission from Rice Cultivation

Irrigated and flooded rice is associated with methane (CH4) emissions. CH4 is one of the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. Nowadays, mapping CH4 content at a global scale is possible using satellite sensors. Sample of such a sensor is TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) placed on the Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P) satellite board. In this study, the evaluation of spatial-temporal changes in CH4 content in the atmosphere for selected countries and regions with high CH4 emissions from rice cultivation in 2019–2021 was performed. Visual evaluation of the spatial variability on CH4 content for the total study period indicates higher CH4 content for almost all areas with high rice concentration. This was confirmed by positive correlations between CH4 content in the atmosphere and estimated GHG emissions from croplands analyzed separately for each studied country/region. In addition, seasonal changes in CH4 content in the atmosphere were observed. The lowest CH4 content was observed at the beginning of the year (for the first quarter of the year) and the highest for the third quarter of the year. Moreover, a long-term increase in CH4 was noticed. Regression analysis revealed that the mean increase in CH4 content in most of the studied regions/countries was about 15 ppb per year. CH4 content evaluated with the use of satellite data from Sentinel-5P is a reliable data source and can be used for the analysis of temporal changes at various spatial scales, including regions and countries.

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8-Day and Daily Maximum and Minimum Air Temperature Estimation via Machine Learning Method on a Climate Zone to Global Scale

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13122355 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 2355

Author(s):

Linglin Zeng ◽

Yuchao Hu ◽

Rui Wang ◽

Xiang Zhang ◽

Guozhang Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Scale ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Model Performance ◽

Global Scale ◽

Scale Model ◽

Validation Dataset ◽

Daily Maximum ◽

Climate Zone ◽

Temporal And Spatial

Air temperature (Ta) is a required input in a wide range of applications, e.g., agriculture. Land Surface Temperature (LST) products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are widely used to estimate Ta. Previous studies of these products in Ta estimation, however, were generally applied in small areas and with a small number of meteorological stations. This study designed both temporal and spatial experiments to estimate 8-day and daily maximum and minimum Ta (Tmax and Tmin) on three spatial scales: climate zone, continental and global scales from 2009 to 2018, using the Random Forest (RF) method based on MODIS LST products and other auxiliary data. Factors contributing to the relation between LST and Ta were determined based on physical models and equations. Temporal and spatial experiments were defined by the rules of dividing the training and validation datasets for the RF method, in which the stations selected in the training dataset were all included or not in the validation dataset. The RF model was first trained and validated on each spatial scale, respectively. On a global scale, model accuracy with a determination coefficient (R2) > 0.96 and root mean square error (RMSE) < 1.96 °C and R2 > 0.95 and RMSE < 2.55 °C was achieved for 8-day and daily Ta estimations, respectively, in both temporal and spatial experiments. Then the model was trained and cross-validated on each spatial scale. The results showed that the data size and station distribution of the study area were the main factors influencing the model performance at different spatial scales. Finally, the spatial patterns of the model performance and variable importance were analyzed. Both daytime and nighttime LST had a significant contribution in the 8-day Tmax estimation on all the three spatial scales; while their contribution in daily Tmax estimation varied over different continents or climate zones. This study was expected to improve our understanding of Ta estimation in terms of accuracy variations and influencing variables on different spatial and temporal scales. The future work mainly includes identifying underlying mechanisms of estimation errors and the uncertainty sources of Ta estimation from a local to a global scale.

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Spatial scale-dependent land–atmospheric methane exchanges in the northern high latitudes from 1993 to 2004

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-11-1693-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1693-1704 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

X. Zhu ◽

Q. Zhuang ◽

X. Lu ◽

L. Song

Keyword(s):

Spatial Heterogeneity ◽

Spatial Scale ◽

Water Table ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Grid Cell ◽

High Latitudes ◽

Atmospheric Methane ◽

Ch4 Emissions ◽

Biogeochemical Models ◽

Macro Scale

Abstract. Effects of various spatial scales of water table dynamics on land–atmospheric methane (CH4) exchanges have not yet been assessed for large regions. Here we used a coupled hydrology–biogeochemistry model to quantify daily CH4 exchanges over the pan-Arctic from 1993 to 2004 at two spatial scales of 100 km and 5 km. The effects of sub-grid spatial variability of the water table depth (WTD) on CH4 emissions were examined with a TOPMODEL-based parameterization scheme for the northern high latitudes. We found that both WTD and CH4 emissions are better simulated at a 5 km spatial resolution. By considering the spatial heterogeneity of WTD, net regional CH4 emissions at a 5 km resolution are 38.1–55.4 Tg CH4 yr−1 from 1993 to 2004, which are on average 42% larger than those simulated at a 100 km resolution using a grid-cell-mean WTD scheme. The difference in annual CH4 emissions is attributed to the increased emitting area and enhanced flux density with finer resolution for WTD. Further, the inclusion of sub-grid WTD spatial heterogeneity also influences the inter-annual variability of CH4 emissions. Soil temperature plays an important role in the 100 km estimates, while the 5 km estimates are mainly influenced by WTD. This study suggests that previous macro-scale biogeochemical models using a grid-cell-mean WTD scheme might have underestimated the regional CH4 emissions. The spatial scale-dependent effects of WTD should be considered in future quantification of regional CH4 emissions.

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Autonomy and Attachment in Relationships with Parents in the Context of Students’ Real Self-Determination

Social Psychology and Society ◽

10.17759/sps.2021120108 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 113-125

Author(s):

D.A. Krasilo ◽

T.A. Krassilo ◽

A.N. Zalipaeva

Keyword(s):

Inverse Relationship ◽

Self Determination ◽

Education Environment ◽

Cognitive Autonomy ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Almost All ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Real Self ◽

The Relationship

Objectives. Studying the relationship of autonomy and attachment in relationships with parents with real self-determination in students. Background. The growing world globalization, intercultural contradictions, confrontation within society seriously complicate the path of self-determination of modern youth. At the same time, due to technical progress and digitalization of the communication and education environment, there are significant transformations in the interaction of people in almost all spheres, including in the family. Therefore, the question of studying the most important aspects in the relationship of young people with their parents for real self-determination is especially acute. Study design. The work studied the indicators of real self-determination, attachment to parents and autonomy among students. The presence of a relationship between these parameters was established by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient. Participants. 60 college students aged 18 to 21. Measurements. Methodology “Scale of adult attachment for close relationships”; autonomy questionnaire (authors O.A. Karabanova and N.N. Poskrebysheva); questionnaire “ORS” (author D.A. Krasilo). Results. An inverse relationship of indicators of real self-determination of students with the level of intimacy and the level of anxiety (scales of attachment to parents) was established. A direct relationship was revealed between the indicators of real self-determination and the level of autonomy. Conclusions. Proximity and anxiety (components of attachment) have a significant inverse relationship with the level of real self-determination in students. There are no significant connections between reliability (a component of attachment) and real self-determination in the sample under study. Emotional autonomy, cognitive autonomy, behavioral autonomy, and value autonomy have significant positive correlations with the level of real self-determination in students.

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Phenotypic Variation of Tobramycin and Ofloxacin Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Repeated Exhibition

Journal of Advances in Microbiology ◽

10.9734/jamb/2020/v20i430231 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Andry Maharo Andrianarivelo ◽

Christian Emmanuel Mahavy ◽

Blandine Andrianarisoa ◽

Tsiry Rasamiravaka

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Phenotypic Variation ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Wild Strain ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Luria Bertani ◽

University Hospital ◽

Buffer System ◽

Visual Evaluation ◽

Almost All

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to resist almost all available antibiotics by rapidly accumulating multiple resistance mechanisms and thus lead to a therapeutic impasse and higher mortality in infected patients. The objective of this study was to assess the phenotypic variation in resistance to tobramycin and ofloxacin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by repeated exhibition after determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration. This is a prospective and descriptive study carried out in the Laboratory of Microbiology of Fundamental and Applied Biochemistry (Faculty of Sciences, Antananarivo) during the month of January 2020. The strains studied were the virulent wild strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 supplied by the Laboratory and two clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the Microbiology Laboratory of the Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona University Hospital Center, Antananarivo. The strains of P. aeruginosa were cultured in the liquid culture medium (which is Luria Bertani, added with a buffer system of 3- (N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (LB-MOPS) which will stabilize the pH and a solid culture medium which is Columbia agar. Repeated exhibition to Tobramycin and Ofloxacin from these strains have been made. The MIC is determined by a visual evaluation of the turbidity of the various wells of the microplate. The MIC value of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with tobramycin and ofloxacin is very variable for the initial MIC until the 5th generation after repeated exhibition. More Pseudomonas aeruginosa is exposed to an antibiotic many times, the more it develops resistance to this antibiotic, even being sensitive at the start. That is to say, clinically, the dose prescribed for the antibiotic has been greatly exceeded if Pseudomonas aeruginosa is repeatedly exposed to the same antibiotic.

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Recent changes of relative humidity: regional connection with land and ocean processes

10.5194/esd-2017-43 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano ◽

Raquel Nieto ◽

Luis Gimeno ◽

Cesar Azorin-Molina ◽

Anita Drumond ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Interannual Variability ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Global Scale ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Source Regions ◽

Strong Agreement

Abstract. We analyzed changes in surface relative humidity (RH) at the global scale from 1979 to 2014 using both observations and ERA-Interim dataset. We compared the variability and trends of RH with those of land evapotranspiration and ocean evaporation in moisture source areas across a range of selected regions worldwide. The sources of moisture for each particular region were identified by integrating different observational data and model outputs into a lagrangian approach. The aim was to account for the possible role of changes in air temperature over land, in comparison to sea surface temperature (SST), on RH variability. Results demonstrate a strong agreement between the interannual variability of RH and the interannual variability of precipitation and land evapotranspiration in regions with continentally-originated humidity. In contrast, albeit with the dominant positive trend of air temperature/SST ratio in the majority of the analyzed regions, the interannual variability of RH in the target regions did not show any significant correlation with this ratio over the source regions. Also, we did not find any significant association between the interannual variability of oceanic evaporation in the oceanic humidity source regions and RH in the target regions. Our findings stress the need for further investigation of the role of both dynamic and radiative factors in the evolution of RH over continental regions at different spatial scales.

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Relationships between the blood cells, sexual hormones and lipid peroxidation in women with essential hypertension

ZHurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» ◽

10.25557/0031-2991.2019.04.39-47 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 39-47

Author(s):

Б.И. Кузник ◽

Ю.Н. Смоляков ◽

С.О. Давыдов ◽

Е.С. Гусева ◽

М.В. Максименя

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Essential Hypertension ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Heart Function ◽

Sexual Hormones ◽

Healthy Women ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Almost All ◽

Rbc Count

У женщин, больных гипертонической болезнью, существуют тесные корреляционные взаимосвязи между различными форменными элементами крови и уровнем артериального давления, показателями деятельности сердца, тестами, характеризующими состояние гемодинамики, тромбодинамики и коагуляционной активности крови. Цель исследования - изучение роли различных форменных элементов крови и их соотношения в регуляции уровня эстрогена, прогестерона и пролактина, ТБК-активных продуктов и антиоксидантной активности у больных гипертонической болезнью. Методика. Исследования проведены на 72 больных гипертонической болезнью, контрольную группу составили 12 женщин с нормальным артериальным давлением. Больные были разделены на 2 группы: в 1-ю группу вошли 37 пациенток с гипертонической болезнью II стадии, находящиеся на гипотензивной терапии, 2-ю - составили 35 женщин с гипертонией II стадии, которые кроме медикаментозного лечения, регулярно проходили курсы кинезотерапии на протяжении 2-3 лет. Результаты. Методом корреляционного анализа установлено, что у здоровых женщин и больных гипертонической болезнью, изучаемые взаимосвязи могут носить как однонаправленный, так и разнонаправленный характер. У здоровых женщин обнаруживается прямая связь между количеством лимфоцитов и уровнем прогестерона и обратная - с уровнем пролактина. Прямая связь также выявлена между индексом нейтрофилы/базофилы и прогестероном. При гипертонии у больных 1-й группы обнаруживается прямая связь между количеством эритроцитов и прогестероном, числом эозинофилов и пролактином; индекса лимфоциты/эозинофилы с эстрадиолом; индексов нейтрофилы/моноциты, нейтрофилы/базофилы и лимфоциты/базофилы с прогестероном. Отрицательная корреляция выявляется между индексами нейтрофилы/лимфоциты и нейтрофилы/эозинофилы с пролактином. У больных 2-й группы обнаружены прямые корреляционные связи между абсолютным количеством лейкоцитов, нейтрофилов и эозинофилов и отрицательная связь индекса эритроциты/лейкоциты с пролактином. При оценке корреляционных взаимосвязей показателей крови с показателями активности оксидантно/антиоксидантной системы показано, что у здоровых женщин существуют положительные связи между числом моноцитов с содержанием ТБК-продуктов и активностью антиоксидантной системы; эозинофилов с активностью антиоксидантной системы; индекса лейкоциты/тромбоциты с уровнем ТБК-продуктов. При гипертонической болезни в группе без кинезотерапии (1-я группа) выявлена отрицательная взаимосвязь между общим числом эритроцитов и показателями активности антиоксидантной системы. Заключение. Практически все форменные элементы крови и различные их взаимоотношения у здоровых и больных гипертонической болезнью играют существенную роль в регуляции уровня эстрадиола, прогестерона, пролактина и состояния системы перекисного окисления липидов - антиоксидантная активность. Close correlations exist between different blood cells (BC), blood pressure, heart function, results of hemodynamics tests, thrombodynamics, and blood coagulation in women with hypertension. Aim. The study addressed the role of different BCs and their combinations in regulation of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, TBA-reactive substances (TBARS), and antioxidant activity (AOA) in hypertensive patients. Methods. The study included 12 healthy women (control) and 72 patients with essential hypertension (EH). Patients with EH were divided into two groups; the first group (EH-1) consisted of 37 women with stage II EH receiving an antihypertensive therapy and the second group (EH-2) consisted of 35 women who, in addition to the drug therapy, yearly underwent 3-4 courses of kinesitherapy for 2-3 year on a regular basis. Results. Both in healthy women and patients of the EH-1 and EH-2 groups, the studied relationships were either positive or negative. In healthy women, LYM positively correlated with progesterone and inversely correlated with prolactin, and the NEU/BAS ratio positively correlated with progesterone. In patients of the EH-1 group, there were positive correlations of RBC with progesterone; EOS with prolactin; and LYM/EOS with estradiol; and NEU/MON, NEU/BAS, and LYM/BAS with progesterone. The NEU/LYM and NEU/EOS ratios inversely correlated with prolactin. In patients of the EH-2 group, there were positive correlations of WBC, NEU, and EOS with prolactin and inverse correlations of the RBC/WBC ratio with prolactin. Evaluation of correlations between blood indexes and the oxidant/antioxidant system showed that in healthy women, there were positive correlations of the MON count with TBARS and AOA; EOS with AOA; and the WBC/PLT ratio with TBARS. Patients of the EH-1 group showed a negative correlation of the total RBC count with AOA. Conclusion. In both healthy subjects and EH groups, almost all BCs and their relationships play a significant role in regulation of estradiol, progesterone, prolactin, and the lipid peroxidation/AOA system.

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The CIMR mission and its unique capabilities for soil moisture sensing

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9484 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Piles ◽

Roberto Fernandez-Moran ◽

Luis Gómez-Chova ◽

Gustau Camps-Valls ◽

Dara Entekhabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Land Surface ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Microwave Radiometer ◽

Critical Time ◽

Global Scale ◽

The Arctic ◽

Temporal Perspective ◽

Microwave Radiometers ◽

Moisture Sensing

<p>The Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) mission is currently being developed as a High Priority Copernicus Mission to support the Integrated European Policy for the Arctic. Due to its measurement characteristics, CIMR has exciting capabilities to enable a unique set of land surface products and science applications at a global scale. These characteristics go beyond what previous microwave radiometers (e.g. AMSR series, SMAP and SMOS) provide, and therefore allow for entirely new approaches to the estimation of bio-geophysical products from brightness temperature observations. Most notably, CIMR channels (L-,C-,X-,Ka-,Ku-bands) are very well fit for the simultaneous retrieval of soil moisture and vegetation properties, like biomass and moisture of different plant components such as leaves, stems or trunks. Also, the distinct spatial resolution of each frequency band allows for the development of approaches to cascade information and obtain these properties at multiple spatial scales. From a temporal perspective, CIMR has a higher revisit time than previous L-band missions dedicated to soil moisture monitoring (about 1 day global, sub-daily at the poles). This improved temporal resolution could allow resolving critical time scales of water processes, which is relevant to better model and understand land-atmosphere exchanges and feedbacks. In this presentation, new opportunities for soil moisture remote sensing made possible by the CIMR mission, as well as synergies and cross-sensor opportunities will be discussed.&#160;&#160;</p>

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Scale-dependent impacts of natural and anthropogenic drivers on groundwater level dynamics – analysis of shallow coastal aquifers using deep learning

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9091 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Annika Nolte ◽

Steffen Bender ◽

Jens Hartmann ◽

Stefan Baltruschat

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Groundwater Level ◽

Coastal Aquifers ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Global Scale ◽

Meteorological Forcing ◽

Inaccurate Information ◽

Learning Techniques ◽

Data Elements

<p>Groundwater level dynamics are very sensitive to groundwater withdrawal, but their effects and magnitude &#8211; especially in combination with natural fluctuations &#8211; must be often estimated due to missing or inaccurate information of all local pumping activities in an area. This study examines the potential of deep learning applications at large spatial scales to estimate the parts of local withdrawal activities and natural impacts &#8211; meteorological and environmental &#8211; on groundwater level dynamics. We will use big data elements from a newly constructed global groundwater database in a single long-term short-term memory (LSTM) model to examine scale-dependent impacts. The data used in the model consists of continuous groundwater level observations and catchment attributes &#8211; spatially heterogeneous but temporally static catchment attributes (e.g. topography) and continuous observations of the meteorological forcing (e.g. precipitation) &#8211; from several hundred catchments of shallow coastal aquifers of different continents. Our approach is to use only freely accessible data sources covering the global scale as catchment attributes. We will test how relationships between groundwater level dynamics and catchment attributes, at different scales, can improve interpretability of groundwater level simulations using deep learning techniques.</p>

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Comparison of generalized non-data-driven lake and reservoir routing models for global-scale hydrologic forecasting of reservoir outflow at diurnal time steps

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-24-2711-2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 2711-2729 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joseph L. Gutenson ◽

Ahmad A. Tavakoly ◽

Mark D. Wahl ◽

Michael L. Follum

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Model Performance ◽

Global Scale ◽

Army Corps ◽

Time Step ◽

Large Spatial Scale ◽

Reservoir Routing ◽

Routing Methods ◽

Improved Model

Abstract. Large-scale hydrologic forecasts should account for attenuation through lakes and reservoirs when flow regulation is present. Globally generalized methods for approximating outflow are required but must contend with operational complexity and a dearth of information on dam characteristics at global spatial scales. There is currently no consensus on the best approach for approximating reservoir release rates in large spatial scale hydrologic forecasting, particularly at diurnal time steps. This research compares two parsimonious reservoir routing methods at daily steps: Döll et al. (2003) and Hanasaki et al. (2006). These reservoir routing methods have been previously implemented in large-scale hydrologic modeling applications and have been typically evaluated seasonally. These routing methods are compared across 60 reservoirs operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The authors vary empirical coefficients for both reservoir routing methods as part of a sensitivity analysis. The method proposed by Döll et al. (2003) outperformed that presented by Hanasaki et al. (2006) at a daily time step and improved model skill over most run-of-the-river conditions. The temporal resolution of the model influences model performances. The optimal model coefficients varied across the reservoirs in this study and model performance fluctuates between wet years and dry years, and for different configurations such as dams in series. Overall, the method proposed by Döll et al. (2003) could enhance large-scale hydrologic forecasting, but can be subject to instability under certain conditions.

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Nitrous oxide emissions from crop rotations including wheat, oilseed rape and dry peas

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-10-1787-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 1787-1797 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

M. H. Jeuffroy ◽

E. Baranger ◽

B. Carrouée ◽

E. de Chezelles ◽

M. Gosme ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oilseed Rape ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Global Scale ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽

N2o Emissions ◽

N Fixation ◽

Biological Fixation ◽

Mineral N ◽

N2o Fluxes

Abstract. Approximately 65% of anthropogenic emissions of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), originate from soils at a global scale, and particularly after N fertilisation of the main crops in Europe. Thanks to their capacity to fix atmospheric N2 through biological fixation, legumes can reduce N fertilizer use, and possibly N2O emissions. Nevertheless, the decomposition of crop organic matter during the crop cycle and residue decomposition, and possibly the N fixation process itself, could lead to N2O emissions. The objective of this study was to quantify N2O emissions from a dry pea crop (Pisum sativum, harvested at maturity) and from the subsequent crops in comparison with N2O emissions from wheat and oilseed rape crops, fertilized or not, in various rotations. A field experiment was conducted over 4 consecutive years to compare the emissions during the pea crop, in comparison with those during the wheat (fertilized or not) or oilseed rape crops, and after the pea crop, in comparison with other preceding crops. N2O fluxes were measured using static chambers. In spite of low N2O fluxes, mainly due to the site's soil characteristics, fluxes during the crop were significantly lower for pea and unfertilized wheat than for fertilized wheat and oilseed rape. The effect of the preceding crop was not significant, while soil mineral N at harvest was higher after the pea crop. These results should be confirmed over a wider range of soil types. Nevertheless, they demonstrate the absence of N2O emissions linked to the symbiotic N fixation process, and allow us to estimate the decrease in N2O emissions by 20–25% through including one pea crop in a three-year rotation. On a larger scale, this reduction of GHG emissions at field level has to be added to the decrease due to the reduced production and transport of the N fertilizer not applied to the pea crop.

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