scholarly journals Modeling Air Pollution Health Risk for Environmental Management of an Internationally Important Site: The Salt Range (Kallar Kahar), Pakistan

Atmosphere ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Abdul Hafeez Nasir ◽  
Rab Nawaz ◽  
Rizwan Haider ◽  
Muhammad Atif Irshad
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Salt Range ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Baseline Incidence

This study aimed to assess the health effects of emissions released by cement industries and allied activities, such as mining and transportation, in the salt range area of district Chakwal, Pakistan. DISPER was used to estimate dispersion and contribution of source emission by cement industries and allied activities to surface accumulation of selected pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NOx, and O3). To assess the long-term effects of pollutants on human health within the radius of 500 m to 3 km, Air Q+ software was used, which was designed by the World Health Organization (WHO). One-year average monitoring data of selected pollutants, coordinates, health data, and population data were used as input data for the model. Data was collected on lung cancer mortality among different age groups (25+ and 30+), infant post-neonatal mortality, mortality due to respiratory disease, and all-cause mortality due to PM2.5 and NO2. Results showed that PM2.5 with the year-long concentration of 27.3 ug/m3 contributes a 9.9% attributable proportion (AP) to lung cancer mortality in adults aged 25+, and 13.8% AP in adults age 30+. Baseline incidence is 44.25% per 100,000 population. PM10 with the year-long concentration of 57.4 ug/m3 contributes 16.96% AP to infant post-neonatal mortality and baseline incidence is 53.86% per 1000 live births in the country. NO2 with the year-long concentration of 14.33 ug/m3 contributes 1.73% AP to all-cause mortality. Results obtained by a simulated 10% reduction in pollutant concentration showed that proper mitigation measures for reduction of pollutants’ concentration should be applied to decrease the rate of mortalities and morbidities. Furthermore, the study showed that PM2.5 and PM10 are significantly impacting the human health in the nearby villages, even after mitigation measures were taken by the selected cement industries. The study provides a roadmap to policymakers and stakeholders for environmental and health risk management in the area.

scholarly journals Do we know enough about the effect of low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer on survival to act? A systematic review, meta-analysis and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiqin Yang ◽  
Jo Varley-Campbell ◽  
Helen Coelho ◽  
Linda Long ◽  
Sophie Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Randomised Controlled Trials ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Low Dose Computed Tomography

Abstract Background Diagnosis of lung cancer frequently occurs in its later stages. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) could detect lung cancer early. Methods Our objective was to estimate the effect of LDCT lung cancer screening on mortality in high-risk populations. A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing LDCT screening programmes with usual care (no screening) or other imaging screening programme (such as chest X-ray (CXR)) was conducted. RCTs of CXR screening were additionally included in the network meta-analysis. Bibliographic sources including MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched to January 2017. All key review steps were done by two persons. Quality assessment used the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Meta-analyses were performed. Results Four RCTs were included. More will provide data in the future. Meta-analysis demonstrated that LDCT screening with up to 9.80 years of follow-up was associated with a statistically non-significant decrease in lung cancer mortality (pooled relative risk (RR) 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 1.19; p = 0.62). There was a statistically non-significant increase in all-cause mortality. Given the considerable heterogeneity for both outcomes, the results should be treated with caution. Network meta-analysis including the four original RCTs plus two further RCTs assessed the relative effectiveness of LDCT, CXR and usual care. The results showed that in terms of lung cancer mortality reduction LDCT was ranked as the best screening strategy, CXR screening as the worst strategy and usual care intermediate. Conclusions LDCT screening may be effective in reducing lung cancer mortality but there is considerable uncertainty: the largest of the RCTs compared LDCT with CXR screening rather than no screening; there is imprecision of the estimates; and there is important heterogeneity between the included study results. The uncertainty about the effect on all-cause mortality is even greater. Maturing trials may resolve the uncertainty.

Cancer as a Scottish Problem

1968 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 338-348
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Hospital Treatment ◽  
Cancer Of The Lung

Cancer, responsible for about 1 death in 5 in Scotland, cost over £1 per head of population in 1965 and led to bed occupation of almost 2,000 bed years. Time lag (symptoms-doctor-hospital-treatment) is usuallv small. Age distribution is as in other European countries. Excluding accidents, cancer is the second most important cause of death in children. In relation to other countries Scotland's position is very poor and the lung cancer mortality in both sexes is the highest known. Lung cancer is the most important in males, breast cancer in females. Alimentary cancers come second in both sexes. In this century alimentary cancers increased till the thirties or forties and then declined. Cancers of pancreas, cervix uteri, ovary, prostate, kidney and bladder, together with leukaemia, have all increased. Cancer of the lung has increased elevenfold in women and fiftyfold in men. It now accounts for 9 to 12 per cent of all male deaths in cities and large towns

scholarly journals Lung cancer mortality attributable to residential radon exposure in Spain and its regions

2021 ◽  
pp. 111372
Author(s):  
Alberto Ruano-Ravina ◽  
Leonor Varela Lema ◽  
Marta García Talavera ◽  
Montserrat García Gómez ◽  
Santiago González Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Radon Exposure ◽  
Its Regions ◽  
Residential Radon

The effect of psychosocial factors on lung cancer mortality at one year

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen M. Stavraky ◽  
Allan P. Donner ◽  
Jean E. Kincade ◽  
Moira A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Psychosocial Factors ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
One Year
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