scholarly journals Pretreatment of Loblolly Pine Tree Needles Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

Biomass ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Prathima Gujjula ◽  
Narendra Kumar ◽  
Joan G. Lynam
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Fiber Analysis ◽  
Biomass Processing ◽  
Pine Trees

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are new ‘green’ solvents that have a high potential for biomass processing because of their low cost, low toxicity, biodegradability, and easy recycling. When Loblolly pine trees are harvested, their branches with needles are typically left in brush piles and decompose very slowly. Exploring the effect of DES pretreatment on waste pine needles was the goal of the present work. Loblolly pine needles were treated with three types of DES to prepare the biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis to glucose, a subject not readily found in the literature. The resulting products were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fiber analysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Glucose yields after pretreatment and hydrolysis were found to be six times that for untreated biomass with two of the DES. Fiber analysis indicated removal of lignin, hemicellulose, and ash from the needle biomass. Enhanced glucose yield was due to removal of lignin and disruption of biomass structure during pretreatment, so that the pretreated biomass was rich in cellulosic content. Based on the results shown in this study, among the three types of DES, formic acid:choline chloride and acetic acid:choline chloride pretreatment had better potential for biomass pretreatment compared to lactic acid:choline chloride.

Potential applications of deep eutectic solvents in natural gas sweetening for CO2 capture

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayeb Aissaoui ◽  
Inas M. AlNashef ◽  
Umair A. Qureshi ◽  
Yacine Benguerba
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Gas Sweetening ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Natural Gas Sweetening

AbstractNovel solvents named deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been intensively investigated in recent years. Their non-toxicity, biodegradability, low volatility, easy preparation and low cost make them promising green solvents for several industrial processes. This article provides a status review of the possible applications of DESs in natural gas (NG) sweetening by carbon dioxide (CO

scholarly journals Effect of Fertilizer Rate on Growth of Azalea and Holly in Pine Bark and Pine Tree Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1561-1568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Jake F. Browder ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Alex X. Niemiera
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Delaware Valley ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees

Recent interest in the use of wood substrates in horticulture crop production has justified the need for determining fertilizer requirements in these substrates compared with traditional pine bark (PB) and peatmoss substrates. The objective was to determine the response of japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’) and azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planck. ‘Delaware Valley’) grown in a pine tree substrate (PTS) (trade name WoodGro™) or milled PB to fertilizer rate. Pine tree substrate is produced from freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) that are delimbed, chipped, and ground in a hammer mill to a desired particle size. Japanese holly plants were grown in 2.8-L containers in the fall of 2005 and again in the spring of 2007 with the addition of azalea. Plants grown in PTS or PB were fertilized by incorporating Osmocote Plus fertilizer (15N–3.9P–10K) at rates of 3.5, 5.9, 8.3 or 10.6 kg·m−3 for japanese holly and 1.2, 3.5, 5.9, or 8.3 kg·m−3 for azalea. After 3 months, shoot dry weights were determined for japanese holly and azalea. Japanese holly root dry weights were determined for both experiments, and substrate CO2 efflux (μmol CO2 m−2·s−1) was measured on the treatments at the end of the experiment using a LI-6400 soil CO2 flux chamber. In 2005, japanese holly shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were comparable to plants grown in PB at the 8.3 kg·m−3 fertility rate, and shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were higher than PB at the 10.6 kg·m−3 rate. In 2007, japanese holly and azalea shoot dry weights of PTS-grown plants were comparable to PB plants at the 5.9 kg·m−3 fertilizer rate. Both japanese holly and azalea achieved shoot growth in PTS comparable to shoot growth in PB with ≈2.4 kg·m−3 additional fertilizer for PTS. Substrate CO2 efflux rates were higher in PTS compared with PB indicating higher microbial activity, thereby increasing the potential for nutrient immobilization in PTS.

High Performance Supercapacitors Electrode Derived from the Pine Needles

2014 ◽  
Vol 1035 ◽  
pp. 385-391
Author(s):  
Pei Yu Wang ◽  
Guo Heng Zhang ◽  
Hai Yan Jiao ◽  
Xiao Ping Zheng
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Active Material ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Pine Needles ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Amorphous Character

In this paper, Pine needles (PNs) were used to synthesize porous activated carbon by the carbonization and activation processes. The material for PNs were carbonized at 600 °C and activated at 800 °C(denoted as AC-800) show typical amorphous character, and display porous structures with high specific surface areas 2729 m2/g via XRD and BET measurements. As the electro-active material, AC-800 electrode exhibit ideal capacitive behaviors in aqueous electrolytes, and the maximal specific capacitance is as high as 286 F/g at the current density of 1 A/g. Furthermore, AC-800 electrode shows excellent electrochemical cycle stability with ~94 % initial capacitance being retained after 2000 cycles. The desirable capacitive performances enable the PNs to act as a new biomass source of carbonaceous materials for high performance supercapacitors and low-cost electrical energy storage devices.

scholarly journals The Landscape Performance of Annual Bedding Plants Grown in Pine Tree Substrate

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Michael C. Barnes ◽  
Jake F. Browder
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Impatiens Walleriana ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

The objective of this study was to evaluate the landscape performance of annual bedding plants grown in a ground pine tree substrate (PTS) produced from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda) or in ground pine bark (PB) when transplanted into the landscape and grown at three different fertilizer rates. Begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum) ‘Cocktail Vodka’, coleus (Solenostemen scutellarioides) ‘Kingswood Torch’, impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) ‘Dazzler White’, marigold (Tagetes erecta) ‘Bonanza Yellow’, petunia (Petunia ×hybrid) ‘Wave Purple’, salvia (Salvia splendens) ‘Red Hot Sally’, and vinca (Catharanthus roseus) ‘Cooler Pink’ were evaluated in 2005, and begonia ‘Cocktail Whiskey’, marigold ‘Inca Gold’, salvia ‘Red Hot Sally’, and vinca ‘Cooler Pink’ were evaluated in 2006 and 2007. Landscape fertilizer rates were 1 lb/1000 ft2 nitrogen (N) in 2005 and 0, 1, and 2 lb/1000 ft2 N in 2006 and 2007. Visual observations throughout each year indicated that all species, whether grown in PTS or PB, had comparable foliage quality in the landscape trial beds during the growing period. With few exceptions, dry weight and plant size for all species increased with increasing fertilizer additions, regardless of the substrate in which the plants were grown. For the unfertilized treatment, when comparing plant dry weight between PB and PTS for each species and for each year (eight comparisons), PTS-grown plant dry weight was less than PB-grown plants in three out of the eight comparisons. However, there were fewer differences in plant dry weight between PTS- and PB-grown plants when fertilizer was applied (PTS-grown plants were smaller than PB-grown plants in only 2 of the 16 comparisons: four species, two fertilizer rates, and 2 years), indicating that N immobilization may be somewhat of an issue, but not to the extent expected. Therefore, the utilization of PTS as a substrate for the production of landscape annuals may be acceptable in the context of landscape performance.

scholarly journals Growth of Chrysanthemum in a Pine Tree Substrate Requires Additional Fertilizer

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Jake F. Browder ◽  
Joyce G. Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer

A pine tree substrate (PTS), produced by grinding loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda), offers potential as a viable container substrate for greenhouse crops, but a better understanding of the fertilizer requirements for plant growth in PTS is needed. The purpose of this research was to determine the comparative fertilizer requirements for chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×grandiflora ‘Baton Rouge’) grown in PTS or a commercial peat-lite (PL) substrate. The PTS was prepared by grinding coarse (1-inch × 1-inch × 0.5-inch) pine chips from debarked loblolly pine logs in a hammer mill fitted with 3/16-inch screen. The PL substrate composed of 45% peat, 15% perlite, 15% vermiculite, and 25% bark was used for comparative purposes. Rooted chrysanthemum cuttings were potted in each of the substrates on 15 Oct. 2005 and 12 Apr. 2006 and were glasshouse grown. Plants were fertilized with varying rates of a 20N–4.4P–16.6K-soluble fertilizer ranging from 50 to 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N) with each irrigation. Plant dry weights and extractable substrate nutrient levels were determined. In 2005 and 2006, it required about 100 mg·L−1 N more fertilizer for PTS compared to PL to obtain comparable growth. At any particular fertilizer level, substrate electrical conductivity and nutrient levels were higher for PL compared to PTS accounting for the higher fertilizer requirements for PTS. Possible reasons for the lower substrate nutrients levels with PTS are increased nutrient leaching in PTS due to PTS being more porous and having a lower cation exchange capacity than PL, and increased microbial immobilization of N in PTS compared to PL. This research demonstrates that PTS can be used to grow a traditional greenhouse crop if attention is given to fertilizer requirements.

scholarly journals Container Medium pH in a Pine Tree Substrate Amended with Peatmoss and Dolomitic Limestone Affects Plant Growth

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1983-1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Nazim Gruda
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Dolomitic Limestone ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Medium Ph ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Plastic Containers

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of limestone additions to pine tree substrate (PTS) and PTS amended with peatmoss on pH and plant growth. ‘Inca Gold’ marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and ‘Rocky Mountain White’ geranium (Pelargonium ×hortorum L.H. Bailey) were grown in three PTSs—100% PTS, PTS plus 25% peatmoss (v/v), and PTS plus 50% peatmoss (v/v)—made from freshly harvested loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) chipped and hammermilled through a 4.76-mm screen and a peatmoss/perlite (4:1 v/v; PL) control. Each substrate was amended with various rates of dolomitic limestone and used to grow marigolds in 10-cm square (l-L) plastic containers and geraniums in round 15-cm (1.25-L) plastic containers in a glasshouse. Regardless of limestone rate, pH was highest in 100% PTS and decreased with peat additions with PL having the lowest pH. As percent peat increased from 25% to 50%, more limestone was required to adjust pH to a particular level showing that PTS is more weakly buffered against pH change than peatmoss. Adding limestone did not increase the growth of marigold in 100% PTS, but additions of limestone did increase growth of marigold when grown in PTS containing peatmoss or in PL. Geranium growth was higher in PTS containing peatmoss (25% or 50%) and PL than in 100% PTS at all limestone rates. This research demonstrates that PTS produced from freshly harvested pine trees has an inherently higher pH than PL, and the additions of peatmoss to PTS require pH adjustment of the substrate for optimal plant growth.

scholarly journals Deep Eutectic Solvents as Promising Green Solvents in Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Solidification of Floating Organic Droplet: Recent Applications, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7406
Author(s):  
Asmaa Kamal El-Deen ◽  
Kuniyoshi Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Simple Preparation ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Dispersive Liquid Liquid Microextraction ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Liquid Microextraction ◽  
Enrichment Efficiency

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently attracted attention as a promising green alternative to conventional hazardous solvents by virtue of their simple preparation, low cost, and biodegradability. Even though the application of DESs in analytical chemistry is still in its early stages, the number of publications on this topic is growing. Analytical procedures applying dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets (DLLME-SFOD) are among the more appealing approaches where DESs have been found to be applicable. Herein, we provide a summary of the articles that are concerned with the application of DESs in the DLLME-SFOD of target analytes from diverse samples to provide up-to-date knowledge in this area. In addition, the major variables influencing enrichment efficiency and the microextraction mechanism are fully investigated and explained. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of applying DESs in DLLME-SFOD are thoroughly discussed and are critically analyzed.

scholarly journals Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents to Reduce the Release of Hazardous Gases to the Atmosphere: A Critical Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Irfan Wazeer ◽  
Mohamed K. Hadj-Kali ◽  
Inas M. Al-Nashef
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Hazardous Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The release of certain gases to the atmosphere is controlled in many countries owing to their negative impact on the environment and human health. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). Considering the major contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming and climate change, mitigation of these gases is one of the world’s primary challenges. Nevertheless, the commercial processes used to capture these gases suffer from several drawbacks, including the use of volatile solvents, generation of hazardous byproducts, and high-energy demand. Research in green chemistry has resulted in the synthesis of potentially green solvents that are non-toxic, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are novel solvents that upon wise choice of their constituents can be green and tunable with high biocompatibility, high degradability, and low cost. Consequently, the capture of toxic gases by DESs is promising and environmentally friendly and has attracted much attention during the last decade. Here, we review recent results on capture of these gases using different types of DESs. The effect of different parameters, such as chemical structure, molar ratio, temperature, and pressure, on capture efficiency is discussed.

scholarly journals Modeling the Effect of Density on the Growth of Loblolly Pine Trees

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadev Sharma ◽  
Harold E. Burkhart ◽  
Ralph L. Amateis
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Crown Length ◽  
Crown Width ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Response Variables

Abstract Data from a set of loblolly pine spacing trials that have reached 16 yr since establishment were used to evaluate the effect of spacing on loblolly pine tree growth and stand development. Mean responses for six variables were evaluated: height, dbh, crown ratio, crown length, crown width, and survival. All response variables were affected by density, with dbh being the most affected and height the least affected over the 16 yr period. The rectangularity, or shape, of the growing space was not a significant factor in the development of any of these response variables. Models were constructed to characterize the development of the six response variables extrapolated over typical plantation rotation lengths of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3):124–133.

scholarly journals Pine Tree Substrate, Nitrogen Rate, Particle Size, and Peat Amendment Affect Poinsettia Growth and Substrate Physical Properties

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 2155-2161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Robert D. Wright ◽  
Michael C. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

‘Prestige’ poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotzsch) were grown at different fertilizer rates in three pine tree substrates (PTS) made from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) and a peat-based control. Pine tree substrates were produced from pine trees that were chipped and hammer-milled to a desired particle size. Substrates used in this study included peat-lite (PL), PTS produced with a 2.38-mm screen (PTS1), PTS produced with a 4.76-mm screen (PTS2), and PTS produced with a 4.76-mm screen and amended with 25% peatmoss (v/v) (PTS3). Initial and final substrate physical properties and substrate shrinkage were determined to evaluate changes over the production period. Poinsettias were grown in 1.7-L containers in the fall of 2007 and fertilized at each irrigation with 100, 200, 300, or 400 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). Shoot dry weight and growth index were higher in PL at 100 mg·L−1 N but similar for all substrates at 300 mg·L−1 N. Bract length was generally the same or longer in all PTS-grown plants compared with plants grown in PL at each fertilizer rate. Postproduction time to wilting was the same for poinsettias grown in PL, PTS1, and PTS3. Initial and final air space was higher in all PTSs compared with PL and container capacity (CC) of PTS1 was equal to PL initially and at the end of the experiment. The initial and final CC of PTS2 was lower than PL. The incorporation of 25% peat (PTS3) increased shoot dry weight and bract length at lower fertilizer rates compared with 4.76 mm PTS alone (PTS2). Substrate shrinkage was not different between PL and PTS1 but greater than shrinkage with the coarser PTS2. This study demonstrates that poinsettia can be successfully grown in a PTS with small particles (2.38-mm screen) or a PTS with large particles (4.76-mm screen) when amended with 25% peatmoss, which results in physical properties (CC and air space) similar to those of PL.

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