scholarly journals Rifaximin Prevents T-Lymphocytes and Macrophages Infiltration in Cerebellum and Restores Motor Incoordination in Rats with Mild Liver Damage

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1002
Author(s):  
Tiziano Balzano ◽  
Paola Leone ◽  
Gergana Ivaylova ◽  
M. Carmen Castro ◽  
Lestteriel Reyes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Peripheral Inflammation ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Lymphocyte Infiltration ◽  
Motor Incoordination ◽  
The Brain

In patients with liver cirrhosis, minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is triggered by a shift in peripheral inflammation, promoting lymphocyte infiltration into the brain. Rifaximin improves neurological function in MHE by normalizing peripheral inflammation. Patients who died with steatohepatitis showed T-lymphocyte infiltration and neuroinflammation in the cerebellum, suggesting that MHE may already occur in these patients. The aims of this work were to assess, in a rat model of mild liver damage similar to steatohepatitis, whether: (1) the rats show impaired motor coordination in the early phases of liver damage; (2) this is associated with changes in the immune system and infiltration of immune cells into the brain; and (3) rifaximin improves motor incoordination, associated with improved peripheral inflammation, reduced infiltration of immune cells and neuroinflammation in the cerebellum, and restoration of the alterations in neurotransmission. Liver damage was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection over four weeks. Peripheral inflammation, immune cell infiltration, neuroinflammation, and neurotransmission in the cerebellum and motor coordination were assessed. Mild liver damage induces neuroinflammation and altered neurotransmission in the cerebellum and motor incoordination. These alterations are associated with increased TNFa, CCL20, and CX3CL1 in plasma and cerebellum, IL-17 and IL-15 in plasma, and CCL2 in cerebellum. This promotes T-lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration in the cerebellum. Early treatment with rifaximin prevents the shift in peripheral inflammation, immune cell infiltration, neuroinflammation, and motor incoordination. This report provides new clues regarding the mechanisms of the beneficial effects of rifaximin, suggesting that early rifaximin treatment could prevent neurological impairment in patients with steatohepatitis.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoids Have Opposing Effects on Liver Fibrosis in Hepatic Stellate and Immune Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 905-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Ho Kim ◽  
Jae Man Lee ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
Sanjiv Harpavat ◽  
David D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Matrix Deposition ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components

Abstract Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound-healing process that is protective in the short term, but prolonged fibrotic responses lead to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components that suppresses hepatocyte regeneration, resulting in permanent liver damage. Upon liver damage, nonparenchymal cells including immune cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have crucial roles in the progression and regression of liver fibrosis. Here, we report differential roles of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), acting in immune cells and HSCs, in liver fibrosis. In the carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxin-induced fibrosis model, both steroidal and nonsteroidal GR ligands suppressed expression of fibrotic genes and decreased extracellular matrix deposition but also inhibited immune cell infiltration and exacerbated liver injury. These counteracting effects of GR ligands were dissociated in mice with conditional GR knockout in immune cells (GRLysM) or HSC (GRhGFAP): the impacts of dexamethasone on immune cell infiltration and liver injury were totally blunted in GRLysM mice, whereas the suppression of fibrotic gene expression was diminished in GRhGFAP mice. The effect of GR activation in HSC was further confirmed in the LX-2 HSC cell line, in which antifibrotic effects were mediated by GR ligand inhibition of Sma and mad-related protein 3 (SMAD3) expression. We conclude that GR has differential roles in immune cells and HSCs to modulate liver injury and liver fibrosis. Specific activation of HSC-GR without alteration of GR activity in immune cells provides a potential therapeutic approach to treatment of hepatic fibrosis.

scholarly journals Involvement of Microglia in the Pathophysiology of Intracranial Aneurysms and Vascular Malformations—A Short Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6141
Author(s):  
Teodora Larisa Timis ◽  
Ioan Alexandru Florian ◽  
Sergiu Susman ◽  
Ioan Stefan Florian
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Vascular Malformations ◽  
Cerebral Injury ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Aneurysms and vascular malformations of the brain represent an important source of intracranial hemorrhage and subsequent mortality and morbidity. We are only beginning to discern the involvement of microglia, the resident immune cell of the central nervous system, in these pathologies and their outcomes. Recent evidence suggests that activated proinflammatory microglia are implicated in the expansion of brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in both the acute and chronic phases, being also a main actor in vasospasm, considerably the most severe complication of SAH. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory microglia may be involved in the resolution of cerebral injury and hemorrhage. These immune cells have also been observed in high numbers in brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) and cerebral cavernomas (CCM), although their roles in these lesions are currently incompletely ascertained. The following review aims to shed a light on the most significant findings related to microglia and their roles in intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations, as well as possibly establish the course for future research.

scholarly journals Identification of immune-based prostate cancer subtypes using mRNA expression

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukun Song ◽  
Song He ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Jiaming Su ◽  
Dongbo Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Molecular Classification ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Cell Subpopulation ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration

Abstract Background Immune infiltration of Prostate cancer (PCa) was highly related to clinical outcomes. However, previous works failed to elucidate the diversity of different immune cell types that make up the function of the immune response system. The aim of the study was to uncover the composition of TIICs in PCa utilizing the CIBERSORT algorithm and further reveal the molecular characteristics of PCa subtypes. Method In the present work, we employed the CIBERSORT method to evaluate the relative proportions of immune cell profiling in PCa and adjacent samples, normal samples. We analyzed the correlation between immune cell infiltration and clinical information. The tumor-infiltrating immune cells of the TCGA PCa cohort were analyzed for the first time. The fractions of 22 immune cell types were imputed to determine the correlation between each immune cell subpopulation and clinical feature. Three types of molecular classification were identified via R-package of “CancerSubtypes”. The functional enrichment was analyzed in each subtype. The submap and TIDE algorithm were used to predict the clinical response to immune checkpoint blockade, and GDSC was employed to screen chemotherapeutic targets for the potential treatment of PCa. Results In current work, we utilized the CIBERSORT algorithm to assess the relative proportions of immune cell profiling in PCa and adjacent samples, normal samples. We investigated the correlation between immune cell infiltration and clinical data. The tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the TCGA PCa cohort were analyzed. The 22 immune cells were also calculated to determine the correlation between each immune cell subpopulation and survival and response to chemotherapy. Three types of molecular classification were identified. Each subtype has specific molecular and clinical characteristics. Meanwhile, Cluster I is defined as advanced PCa, and is more likely to respond to immunotherapy. Conclusions Our results demonstrated that differences in immune response may be important drivers of PCa progression and response to treatment. The deconvolution algorithm of gene expression microarray data by CIBERSOFT provides useful information about the immune cell composition of PCa patients. In addition, we have found a subtype of immunopositive PCa subtype and will help to explore the reasons for the poor effect of PCa on immunotherapy, and it is expected that immunotherapy will be used to guide the individualized management and treatment of PCa patients.

scholarly journals Correlation Between 18F-FDG Uptake and Immune Cell Infiltration in Metastatic Brain Lesions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Sil An ◽  
Se-Hyuk Kim ◽  
Tae Hoon Roh ◽  
So Hyun Park ◽  
Tae-Gyu Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Standardized Uptake Value ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Glucose Transporter 1 ◽  
Fdg Uptake

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake and infiltrating immune cells in metastatic brain lesions.MethodsThis retrospective study included 34 patients with metastatic brain lesions who underwent brain 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) followed by surgery. 18F-FDG uptake ratio was calculated by dividing the standardized uptake value (SUV) of the metastatic brain lesion by the contralateral normal white matter uptake value. We investigated the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients and analyzed the correlation between 18F-FDG uptake and infiltration of various immune cells. In addition, we evaluated immune-expression levels of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), hexokinase 2 (HK2), and Ki-67 in metastatic brain lesions.ResultsThe degree of 18F-FDG uptake of metastatic brain lesions was not significantly correlated with clinical parameters. There was no significant relationship between the 18F-FDG uptake and degree of immune cell infiltration in brain metastasis. Furthermore, other markers, such as GLUT1, HK2, and Ki-67, were not correlated with degree of 18F-FDG uptake. In metastatic brain lesions that originated from breast cancer, a higher degree of 18F-FDG uptake was observed in those with high expression of CD68.ConclusionsIn metastatic brain lesions, the degree of 18F-FDG uptake was not significantly associated with infiltration of immune cells. The 18F-FDG uptake of metastatic brain lesions from breast cancer, however, might be associated with macrophage activity.

BATF2 and PDK4 As Diagnostic Molecular Markers of Sarcoidosis and Their Relationship With Immune Infiltration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyan Li ◽  
Jing Zhou ◽  
Jie He
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis ◽  
Gene Expression Omnibus ◽  
Diagnostic Markers ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Disorder ◽  
Qpcr Method

Abstract Background: Sarcoidosis (SA) is an immune disorder disease featured with granulomas formation. The work purposed to uncover potential markers for sarcoidosis (SA) diagnosis and explore how immune cell infiltration contributes to the pathogenesis of SA.Methods: Sarcoidosis GSE83456 samples and GSE42834 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were analyzed as the training and external validation sets, respectively. R statistical software was employed to uncover the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GSE83456. SVM algorithms and LASSO logistic regression were applied for screening and verification of the diagnostic markers for key module genes. The infiltration of immune cells in sarcoidosis patients’ blood samples was assessed by CIBERSORT. The expression of serum BATF2 and PDK4 was detected by RT-qPCR method, and the value of BATF2 and PDK4 mRNA expression in the diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis was analyzed.Results: In total, 580 DEGs were identified from the key module. PDK4 (AUC=0.942) and BATF4 (AUC=0.980) were revealed as diagnostic markers of sarcoidosis. We found that monocytes, T cells regulatory (Tregs), mast cells, macrophages，NK cells, and dendritic cells may contribute to sarcoidosis development. In addition, PDK4 and BATF4 were closely associated with these immune cells. BATF2 and PDK4 were highly expressed in pulmonary sarcoidosis. BATF2 and PDK4 combined to predict the area under the ROC curve of pulmonary sarcoidosis was 0.922.Conclusions: PDK4 and BATF4 could be used as diagnostic markers of sarcoidosis, and immune cell infiltration severs an important role in sarcoidosis.

Prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in Japanese patients with stage II/III gastric cancer.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
Sophie Earle ◽  
Toru Aoyama ◽  
Alexander I. Wright ◽  
Darren Treanor ◽  
Yohei Miyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Prognostic Markers ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Treatment Interaction

46 Background: Since the ACTS-GC trial, Japanese patients with stage II/III gastric cancer (GC) receive adjuvant S1 chemotherapy. However, selection of patients (pts) by TNM stage does not predict benefit from adjuvant S1 with certainty. Thus, there is an urgent clinical need to identify predictive biomarkers. Increasing evidence suggests tumor immune cell infiltration may be related to GC pts prognosis. We tested the hypothesis that extent and type of immune cell infiltration in GC is related to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods: Tissue microarrays from 252 GC resections (109 pts treated by surgery alone (S), 143 pts treated by surgery and adjuvant S1 chemotherapy (SC)) from the Kanagawa Cancer Center Hospital (Yokohama, Japan) were investigated by immunohistochemistry for common leucocytes antigen (CD45), neutrophils (CD66b), macrophages (CD68 and CD163), T-cell subtypes (CD45R0, CD8, CD3), B-cells (CD20) and Treg cells (FOXP3). Staining was quantified as percentage immunoreactivity/area by automated image analysis. Relationship with overall survival was analyzed. A Cox regression model was used to identify independent prognostic markers and treatment interaction effect. Results: The hazard ratio of S1 was 0.694 in this GC cohort which is similar to the results of the ACTS-GC trial. CD45 and CD45R0 were independent prognostic markers in the S group only (CD45 p=0.032, CD45R0 p=0.003). A treatment interaction effect was seen for CD45, CD45R0, and CD68 (p value for test of interaction: CD45 p=0.062, CD45R0 p=0.082, CD68 p=0.057). Survival in the SC group was significantly poorer compared to the S group for CD45>56% or CD68>7% (p<0.05). Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate the relationship between tumor immune cell infiltration at time of surgery and benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Our results indicate that GC patients with high intratumoral levels of CD68, CD45, or CD45R0 positive immune cells might not benefit from adjuvant S1 chemotherapy. These findings require validation in a second independent dataset before conducting a prospective study stratifying patients with stage II/III GC based upon extent of CD45, CD45R0, or CD68 immune cell infiltration for adjuvant treatment.

scholarly journals Regulated Release of Cryptococcal Polysaccharide Drives Virulence and Suppresses Immune Cell Infiltration into the Central Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven T. Denham ◽  
Surbhi Verma ◽  
Raymond C. Reynolds ◽  
Colleen L. Worne ◽  
Joshua M. Daugherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Capsule Thickness ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansis a common environmental yeast and opportunistic pathogen responsible for 15% of AIDS-related deaths worldwide. Mortality primarily results from meningoencephalitis, which occurs when fungal cells disseminate to the brain from the initial pulmonary infection site. A keyC. neoformansvirulence trait is the polysaccharide capsule. Capsule shieldsC. neoformansfrom immune-mediated recognition and destruction. The main capsule component, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), is found both attached to the cell surface and free in the extracellular space (as exo-GXM). Exo-GXM accumulates in patient serum and cerebrospinal fluid at microgram/milliliter concentrations, has well-documented immunosuppressive properties, and correlates with poor patient outcomes. However, it is poorly understood whether exo-GXM release is regulated or the result of shedding during normal capsule turnover. We demonstrate that exo-GXM release is regulated by environmental cues and inversely correlates with surface capsule levels. We identified genes specifically involved in exo-GXM release that do not alter surface capsule thickness. The first mutant, theliv7Δ strain, released less GXM than wild-type cells when capsule was not induced. The second mutant, thecnag_00658Δ strain, released more exo-GXM under capsule-inducing conditions. Exo-GXM release observedin vitrocorrelated with polystyrene adherence, virulence, and fungal burden during murine infection. Additionally, we found that exo-GXM reduced cell size and capsule thickness under capsule-inducing conditions, potentially influencing dissemination. Finally, we demonstrated that exo-GXM prevents immune cell infiltration into the brain during disseminated infection and highly inflammatory intracranial infection. Our data suggest that exo-GXM performs a distinct role from capsule GXM during infection, altering cell size and suppressing inflammation.

scholarly journals Identification of Autophagy-Related Prognostic Signature and Analysis of Immune Cell Infiltration in Low-Grade Gliomas

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Qingli Quan ◽  
Xinxin Xiong ◽  
Shanyun Wu ◽  
Meixing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Score ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Prognostic Signature ◽  
Low Grade Gliomas ◽  
Key Genes

Autophagy plays an important role in cancer. Many studies have demonstrated that autophagy-related genes (ARGs) can act as a prognostic signature for some cancers, but little has been known in low-grade gliomas (LGG). In our study, we aimed to establish a prognostical model based on ARGs and find prognostic risk-related key genes in LGG. In the present study, a prognostic signature was constructed based on a total of 8 ARGs (MAPK8IP1, EEF2, GRID2, BIRC5, DLC1, NAMPT, GRID1, and TP73). It was revealed that the higher the risk score, the worse was the prognosis. Time-dependent ROC analysis showed that the risk score could precisely predict the prognosis of LGG patients. Additionally, four key genes (TGFβ2, SERPING1, SERPINE1, and TIMP1) were identified and found significantly associated with OS of LGG patients. Besides, they were also discovered to be strongly related to six types of immune cells which infiltrated in LGG tumor. Taken together, the present study demonstrated the promising potential of the ARG risk score formula as an independent factor for LGG prediction. It also provided the autophagy-related signature of prognosis and potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of LGG.

scholarly journals Identification of Potential ceRNA Network and Patterns of Immune Cell Infiltration in Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiuhong Wu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yan Xie ◽  
Shixiong Wei ◽  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Sclerosis ◽  
Interstitial Lung Disease ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Overlapping Genes

PurposeSystemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is one of the most severe complications of systemic sclerosis (SSc) and is the leading cause of SSc-related deaths. However, the precise pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in SSc-ILD remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network and immune cell infiltration patterns in SSc-ILD.MethodsOne microRNA (miRNA) and three messenger RNA (mRNA) microarray datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then, the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) and mRNAs (DEMs) between SSc-ILD patients and normal controls were identified, respectively, followed by the prediction of the target genes and target lncRNAs of DEmiRs. The overlapping genes between DEmiRs target genes and DEMs were identified as core mRNAs to construct the ceRNA network. In addition, the “Cell Type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of Known RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT)” algorithm was used to analyze the composition of infiltrating immune cells in lung tissues of SSc-ILD patients and controls, and differentially expressed immune cells were recognized. The correlation between immune cells and core mRNAs was evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis.ResultsTotally, 42 SSc-ILD lung tissues and 18 normal lung tissues were included in this study. We identified 35 DEmiRs and 142 DEMs and predicted 1,265 target genes of DEmiRs. Then, 9 core mRNAs related to SSc-ILD were recognized, which were the overlapping genes between DEmiRs target genes and DEMs. Meanwhile, 9 DEmiRs related to core mRNAs were identified reversely, and their target lncRNAs were predicted. In total, 9 DEmiRs, 9 core mRNAs, and 51 predicted lncRNAs were integrated to construct the ceRNA regulatory network of SSc-ILD. In addition, 9 types of immune cells were differentially expressed in lung tissues between SSc-ILD patients and controls. Some core mRNAs, such as COL1A1, FOS, and EDN1, were positively or negatively correlated with the number of infiltrating immune cells.ConclusionThis is the first comprehensive study to construct the potential ceRNA regulatory network and analyze the composition of infiltrating immune cells in lung tissues of SSc-ILD patients, which improves our understanding of the pathogenesis of SSc-ILD.

scholarly journals The prognostic value of a tumor microenvironment-based immune cell infiltration score model in colon cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofen Pan ◽  
Xingkui Tang ◽  
Minling Liu ◽  
Xijun Luo ◽  
Mengyuan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration

Abstract BackgroundTumor microenvironment consists of tumor cells, immune cells and other matric components. Tumor infiltration immune cells are associated with prognosis. But all the current prognosis evaluation system dose not take tumor immune cells other matrix component into consideration. In the current study, we aimed to construct a prognosis predictive model based on tumor microenvironment.MethodCIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms were used to reveal the immune cell infiltration landscape of colon cancer. Patients were classified into three clusters by ConsensusClusterPlus algorithm. Immune cell infiltration (ICI) scores of each patient were determine by principal-component analysis. Patients were divided to high and low ICI score groups. Survival, gene expression and somatic mutation of the two groups were compared.ResultsPatients with no lymph node invasion, no metastasis, T1-2 disease and stage I-II had higher ICI scores. Calcium signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, TGF β pathway, and WNT signaling pathway were enriched in high ICI score group. Immune-checkpoint genes and immune-activity associated genes were significantly decreased in high ICI score. Patients in high ICI score group had better survival than low ICI score group. Prognostic value of ICI score was independent of TMB.ConclusionICI score might serve as an independent prognostic biomarker in colon cancer.

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