scholarly journals Fire Resistance of Steel Structures with Epoxy Fire Protection under Cryogenic Exposure

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
Marina Gravit ◽  
Boris Klementev ◽  
Daria Shabunina
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Heat Emission ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Climatic Impact ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Combustible Liquids ◽  
Fireproof Coating

Cases of fire with highly flammable, combustible liquids and combustible gases with high potential heat emission at oil and gas facilities are assumed to develop as a hydrocarbon fire, which is characterized by the temperature rising rapidly up to 1093 ± 56 °C within five minutes from the test start and staying within the same range throughout the test, as well as by overpressure being generated. Although various fireproof coating systems are commonly used to protect steel structures from high temperatures, a combination of fire protection and cryogenic spillage protection, i.e., protection from liquefied natural gas (LNG), is rather an international practice novelty regulated by standards ISO 20088. Thanks to their outstanding features, i.e., ability to sustain chemical and climatic impact, these epoxy-based materials are able to ensure positive fireproof performance for steel structures in the case of potential cryogenic impact. The article discusses tests on steel structures coated with epoxy fireproof compounds, specifically PREGRAD-EP, OGRAX-SKE and Chartek 2218. The test records show the time from the start of cryogenic exposure to the said sample reaching the limit state, as well as the time from the start of heat impact to the sample reaching the limit state in case of hydrocarbon fire temperature.

scholarly journals Structural Fire Protection of Steel Structures in Arctic Conditions

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Marina Gravit ◽  
Daria Shabunina
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Basalt Fiber ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Excessive Pressure ◽  
Structural Fire

Most structures in the Arctic and Antarctic for oil and gas production are offshore stations, tankers, modules, steel supporting, and enclosing structures, which need to be protected against both cryogenic spills and fire exposure. Oil and gas industry facilities have products of high flammability and explosiveness, which in the case of ignition make it possible to develop a fire along the hydrocarbon curve, accompanied by a sharp jump in temperature and the formation of excessive pressure. This article discusses possible structural fire protection for metal structures in the Arctic region. Three different structural fireproofing materials are presented using super-thin basalt fiber (STBF) as an example. Tests of steel structures with fire protection are demonstrated, as a result of which the time from the beginning of cryogenic exposure to the limit state of samples is determined, and after the time from the beginning of thermal exposure to the limit state of samples under the hydrocarbon temperature regime is determined. An assessment of various flame retardants with values up to 120 min, which can be used in arctic climate conditions, was carried out. It was found that the most effective coatings are materials prepared on the basis of STBF.

Evaluation of fire-retardant effectiveness of coatings for steel structures

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Владимир Ильич Голованов ◽  
Андрей Владимирович Пехотиков ◽  
Владимир Валерьевич Павлов
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Passive Fire Protection ◽  
Actual Fire

Представлены результаты анализа экспериментальной и аналитической оценки огнезащитной эффективности покрытий для стальных конструкций. Обобщены данные многолетних исследований по определению зависимостей от температуры таких теплофизических характеристик, как теплопроводность и теплоемкость. Разработана структурно-методологическая схема выбора огнезащитных покрытий для стальных конструкций в целях обеспечения нормативных требований по огнестойкости. Проведены экспериментальные исследования по определению огнезащитной эффективности терморасширяющихся покрытий на эпоксидной основе при воздействии температурного режима горения углеводородов. Рассмотрен вопрос о гармонизации методики экспериментальной оценки огнезащитной эффективности средств огнезащиты для стальных конструкций с действующими европейскими нормами. Установлены критерии выбора пассивной огнезащиты, зависящие от области применения способов огнезащиты. Steel structures have high strength, relative lightness and durability, but when exposed to high temperatures in a fire, they deform, lose stability and load-bearing capacity. The collapse of load-bearing steel structures can occur in 10-15 minutes after the fire start. The actual fire resistance limit of structures can be increased by using the active and passive fire protection systems. The use of the active system for increasing the actual fire resistance limit is not provided in the regulatory documents. Passive fire protection is a complex of technical solutions including the use of non-flammable materials and bulging compounds. It is also an integral part of the building structure that ensures the required fire resistance limit. Assessment of fire resistance of building structures of residential, public, warehouse and industrial buildings is carried out taking into account the temperature regime (cellulose) of a standard fire. At oil and gas, petrochemical enterprises as well as at oil production platforms fires can occur at combustion of various hydrocarbon fuels which are characterized by a rapid temperature increase to 1100 °C. In this case, in accordance with GOST R EN 1363-2-2014, the temperature regime of hydrocarbon combustion is used to assess the fire resistance of building structures. The fire-retardant effectiveness of fire protection means for steel structures is determined by the heating time of the standard I-shaped column without applying a static load on the sample to the average “critical” temperature of the steel of 500 °C. Materials used for fire protection of steel structures must have a good thermal insulation ability, which is estimated by the coefficient of thermal conductivity. When heated to high temperatures, the thermal conductivity coefficient of fire-resistant materials varies depending on their composition and temperature. Based on the analysis of research to determine the fire-retardant effectiveness of fire protection means for steel structures there was developed a structural and methodological scheme that allows to make a choice of fire protection. Currently, as a fire protection there are widely used intumescent paints and thermo-expandable coatings. Taking into account the lack of knowledge of the influence of long-term operation and a large number of other technological factors on the fire-retardant effectiveness of coatings of steel structures covered with intumescent paints, it would be right to limit the use of such type of fire protection for load-bearing structures contributing to the overall sustainability of buildings with a required fire resistance of R 30. For fire protection of steel structures of oil and gas facilities located in the open air, in severe climatic conditions and exposed to aggressive environments there is successfully used a thermo-expandable two-component epoxy-based coating. The analysis of experimental data showed that the use of epoxy-based coatings is suitable for metal structures in the open air. In closed rooms the epoxy intumescent coating should not be used because at high temperature in a fire it ignites with toxic combustion products release.

scholarly journals Fire Protective Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Plates for Steel Structures under Different Types of Fire Exposure

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Marina Gravit ◽  
Elena Golub ◽  
Boris Klementev ◽  
Ivan Dmitriev
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Lightweight Concrete ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Fire Tests ◽  
Standard Fire

In a situation where a fire occurs either in a tunnel with a burning vehicle carrying petroleum products, at an offshore platform, or at an oil and gas asset to be protected, such a case is commonly described using a hydrocarbon fire curve. Therefore, it is extremely important to design construction, which can maintain stability and bearing capacity both under the standard and hydrocarbon fire modes. The purpose in this work is to hold a behavior simulation of a steel structure with fireproofing ensured through lightweight concrete slabs reinforced with fiber glass as well as a validation of the outcomes by assessing the experimental findings obtained from the relevant fire tests. A fire resistance study was carried out here for steel structures with a profile ratio of 156 mm−1 for the cases of a standard fire and of a hydrocarbon fire. A constant static load of 687 kN (70 tf) was taken for standard fire and 294 kN (30 tf) for hydrocarbon fire; the column was under vertical compression with one end resting on a hinged support and the other end rigidly fixed. The specimen design incorporated single-layer box-section cladding made of Pyro-Safe Aestuver T slabs, 40 mm thick and of a 650 kg/m3 density, pre-cut to fit the column size. The column strength loss (R) ultimately occurred after 240 min in the standard fire case and after 180 min in the hydrocarbon fire case. As the breach in the fireproofing structural integrity (E) or the installation accuracy cannot be considered, the limit state indicators may show certain discrepancies. According to the simulation performed using SOFiSTiK software, the design fire resistance rating of the structure in a hydrocarbon fire case was 58% higher than the figure obtained by holding fire tests due to the slabs cracking during the experiment session; the discrepancy between the outcomes of the session and the simulation in a standard fire case was as much as 15%.

The research into the heating effect of secondary steel structures, having no fire proofing, on the fire resistance of fireproof steel beams

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
A. O. Vorosin ◽  
A. P. Parfenenko
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Steel Beams ◽  
Passive Fire Protection ◽  
Student Version

Introduction. The international practice of passive fire protection design, as well as some manufactures of fireproofing products recommend to apply fire proofing substances not only to the main element, whose fire resistance limit is standardized, but also to the elements that do not fall under any fire resistance standards. Various support brackets, pipeline supports (hereinafter — PS), etc. can serve as examples. They are not considered as bearing elements according to SP (Construction Regulations) 2.13130.2020, although they are connected to the structures that have fireproofing applied. It is recommended to apply fireproofing substances to such PS within the range of, at least, 450 mm from the point of attachment to the fireproof structure when the area of the PS cross section exceeds 3,000 mm2. No “supplementary” fireproofing is required by the Russian design and fire protection regulations.The subject of research. A change in the fire resistance limit of steel i-girders, caused by the PS heating, depends on the area of the PS cross section and the location of the point of its attachment.The goal. The goal of the research is to analyze the effect, produced by the area of the cross section and the point of attachment, on the fire resistance limit of fireproof steel i-girders in the course of heating.Materials and methods. ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 (student version) was applied to perform the numerical simulation.Results. The simulation has shown that the PS, having no fireproofing, influences the fire resistance limit of fireproof structures.Conclusions. Currently available methods of analysis of the fire resistance of steel structures take no account of the fire resistance limit reduction, caused by the heating of the PS that has no fireproofing. The numerical simulation has shown that the fire proofing design must take account of the potential reduction in the fire resistance limit of fireproof structures, exposed to the heated PS that has no fire proofing. The further verification of the effect, produced by the PS, that has no fireproofing, on the time to the limit state of a fireproof steel i-girder requires fire tests and supplementary investigations to evaluate the influence of the PS on the heating of vertical fireproof constructions, including the case of the hydrocarbon fire mode.

2021 Offshore petroleum exploration acreage release

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Paul Trotman
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
The Future ◽  
Policy Work ◽  
Offshore Petroleum

In 2020, the liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade saw a modest increase of 1%, which is in contrast to the strong growth of previous years. Recently, the global LNG trade has picked up following the easing of impacts from the pandemic and demand growth in Asia. An increase of 6% in the global LNG trade is expected in 2021 and 2022. Domestic demand for gas remains high, with gas being used both for residential supply and also as an essential feedstock for the manufacturing industry. With a projected domestic gas shortfall, the future exploration and development of oil and gas will play a key role in ensuring access to secure, reliable and affordable energy in the future as well as assisting economic recovery from the pandemic. The importance of remaining an attractive investment destination is essential. Our challenge is to not only strike the balance of being agile and adaptive to market disruptions but also provide robust policy and regulatory frameworks to underpin future investment in the sector. Against this backdrop, this paper provides details of the 2021 offshore petroleum exploration acreage release and information about the ongoing policy work of the department.

A Framework to Support the Optimization of Modularized Oil and Gas Structures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Castorani ◽  
Paolo Cicconi ◽  
Michele Germani ◽  
Sergio Bondi ◽  
Maria Grazia Marronaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Modular System ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Conceptual Study ◽  
A Current ◽  
Gas Plants

Modularization is a current issue in the context of plant design. A modular system aims to reduce lead time and cost in design phases. An oil & gas plant consists of many Engineered-To-Order solutions to be submitted and approved during the negotiation phase. In this context, design tools and methods are necessary to support the design life cycle from the conceptual study to the detailed project. The paper proposes an approach to optimize the design of modularized oil & gas plants with a focus on the related steel structures. A test case shows the configuration workflow applied to a modular steel structure of about 400 tons. The modularized layout has been optimized using genetic algorithms. A Knowledge Base has been described to support the configuration phase related to the conceptual design. Design rules and metrics have been formalized from the analysis of past solutions.

scholarly journals Manufacturing entities flare systems fire hazard analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Kostiantyn AFANASENKO ◽  
Volodymyr LYPOVYI ◽  
Serhii ZIMIN
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Fire Danger ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Toxic Gases ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Combustible Liquids

Industrial enterprises of chemical, petrochemical, energy complexes, in the technological process of which combustible gases, flammable and combustible liquids rotate, have flare systems, which are designed for smokeless combustion of combustible and toxic gases or vapors as a result of their periodic, emergency or permanent venting. The main task of flare systems at enterprises is to prevent gas from atmosphere entering by flaring. Flare systems of a manufacturing entities are a complex of structures of high fire danger. The task of the work is to analyze the parameters of the explosion that may occur during the formation of an emergency situation on flare systems.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF REACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-90
Author(s):  
Lyubov Vakhitova ◽  
◽  
Nadiya Taran ◽  
Konstantin Kalafat ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
The Cost

Purpose. Identification of the main directions of evolution of scientific researches concerning development and improvement of fire protective reactive coatings of intumescent type for steel constructions. Methods. Analysis of literature sources, study and generalization of information, classification and modeling of chemical processes. Results. As a result of the performed researches it has been shown that of all the developed reactive fire protection systems for increasing the fire resistance of steel structures the intumescent composition of ammonium polyphosphate/ pentaerythritol / melamine / polymer is the most widespread and economically justified. To reduce the cost of fire protection measures, it is necessary to improve the coatings of the intumescent type in the following main areas: increasing of fire protection efficiency with a decrease in the thickness of the fire protection layer; prolongation of life time with strengthening of resistance to external factors; reducing the cost of the prescription composition of intumescent paint due to the use of nanomaterials. Scientific novelty. It has been established that nanoclays, nanooxides of metals and silicon, LDH compounds and their analogues should be considered the most promising and multifunctional. The presence of nanomaterials in intumescent compositions allows to increase the environmental parameters of fire-retardant treatment due to the rejection of halogen flame retardants, boron compounds, formaldehyde resins. In addition, the presence of nanocompounds in intumescent coatings significantly reduces smoke in fire. Practical significance. The conclusions obtained from the literature review are of practical importance for the development of new approaches to the design of fire-fighting materials with improved performance through the use of nanomaterials, which provides a strong fire retardant foam char layer and provides rigidity of the insulation frame.

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