scholarly journals New Insights into the Epidemiology of Vulvar Cancer: Systematic Literature Review for an Update of Incidence and Risk Factors

Cancers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Lauro Bucchi ◽  
Margherita Pizzato ◽  
Stefano Rosso ◽  
Stefano Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Vulvar Cancer ◽  
Lichen Sclerosus ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Original Cohort

The aim of this review was an update of vulvar cancer incidence rates and trends and of all known and putative risk factors for the disease. The most recent incidence data were sought from official sources (WHO Cancer Incidence in Five Continents). To obtain an estimate of time trends in some areas, we compared data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents with the few available studies that measured incidence using comparable methods. With respect to risk factors, a systematic PubMed search identified 1585 relevant articles published between 1980 and 2021. Abstracts and full texts were screened. Sixty-nine eligible original cohort and case-control studies were selected. Information was extracted using a PRISMA predesigned form. Nineteen risk factors, or risk factor categories, were investigated by two or more original studies. Solitary, unreplicated studies addressed the putative role of eight more factors. Recent advances have provided further evidence supporting the carcinogenic model centred on human papillomavirus infection with different defects of the immune function. Conversely, the model centred on the role of vulvar lichen sclerosus and the often associated differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia has continued to be epidemiologically understudied. More research on the association between these two conditions and vulvar cancer is a priority.

scholarly journals Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
V. S. Levchenko ◽  
E. V. Grebenkina ◽  
N. A. Illarionova ◽  
E. N. Koroleva ◽  
S. V. Zinovyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Vulvar Cancer ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Lichen Sclerosus ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Long Time

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is the proliferation of atypical basal cells in the vulvar epithelium. The global VIN incidence has recently doubled; its incidence among white women under 35 years of age has almost tripled with a tendency for further growth. Such an increase in the number of usual-type VIN cases in young women is primarily attributed to infection with highly oncogenic human papillomavirus. The second type of dysplasia, namely differentiated VIN, is usually found in older women and is associated with chronic dystrophic diseases of the vulva, most frequently with lichen sclerosus of the vulva. VIN diagnosis is quite challenging; no screening programs for this disorder have been developed so far. Patients with VIN practice self-treatment for a long time, which aggravates their condition and might trigger the development of vulvar cancer. Several treatment options are currently available; however, their efficacy worldwide is not high.

scholarly journals Association between Risk Factors for Vascular Dementia and Adiponectin

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juhyun Song ◽  
Won Taek Lee ◽  
Kyung Ah Park ◽  
Jong Eun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Insulin Signal Transduction ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Brain

Vascular dementia is caused by various factors, including increased age, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and stroke. Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue. Adiponectin is widely known as a regulating factor related to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adiponectin plasma levels decrease with age. Decreased adiponectin increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Adiponectin improves hypertension and atherosclerosis by acting as a vasodilator and antiatherogenic factor. Moreover, adiponectin is involved in cognitive dysfunction via modulation of insulin signal transduction in the brain. Case-control studies demonstrate the association between low adiponectin and increased risk of stroke, hypertension, and diabetes. This review summarizes the recent findings on the association between risk factors for vascular dementia and adiponectin. To emphasize this relationship, we will discuss the importance of research regarding the role of adiponectin in vascular dementia.

scholarly journals The beginnings of Alzheimer’s disease: A review on inflammatory, mitochondrial, genetic and epigenetic pathways

Genetika ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-524
Author(s):  
Simone Perna ◽  
Chiara Bologna ◽  
Pietro Cavagna ◽  
Luisa Bernardinelli ◽  
Davide Guido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Amyloid Beta Protein ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Mtdna Haplogroups ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Apolipoprotein E Gene ◽  
Genes Encoding

Alzheimer?s Disease (AD) is the most common cause of sporadic dementia, as it affects 60% of cognitive impaired patients; it commonly affects middle and late life, and it is considered an age-related disease. Early-onset familial AD is associated with mutations of the genes encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS-1), or PS-2, resulting in the overproduction of amyloid beta-protein. Epidemiological and case-control studies have led to the identification of several risk factors for sporadic AD. The most concrete genetic risk factor for AD is the epsilon4 allele of apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). In addition, several genes such as CTNNA3, GAB2, PVRL2, TOMM40, and APOC1 are known to be the risk factors that contribute to AD pathogenesis. A direct role of interaction between genetic and environmental determinants has been proposed in an epigenetic dynamic for environmental factors operating during the preconceptual, fetal and infant phases of life. Also the the association between mtDNA inherited variants and multifactorial diseases and AD has been investigated by a number of studies that, however, didn?t reach a general consensus on the correlation between mtDNA haplogroups and AD.

HPV-related Vulvar Diseases and Perspectives of p16INK4a Immunochemistry: A Review of the Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 511-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Carrone ◽  
Lucia Riganelli ◽  
Delia Savone ◽  
Assunta Casorelli ◽  
Lucia Merlino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lichen Sclerosus ◽  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Associated Lesions ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
P53 Immunoreactivity

Introduction Two different types of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), HPV-related and HPV-unrelated, should be considered as two separate entities with different management options. The incidence of HPV-related VIN is increasing worldwide and is implicated in carcinogenesis. Our objective is to investigate the use of p16INK4a immunostaining or p16INK4a/p53 double staining for the detection of HPV-related disease to overcome the problem that histological criteria often have significant overlap. Methods A systematic literature search was carried out in the online databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Clincaltrials.gov and Scopus. The key search terms were HPV, VIN, p16INK4a immunochemistry and p53. Results We found that nuclear and cytoplasmic immunostaining for p16INK4a was intense and diffuse in HPV-associated lesions and weak and focal in normal vulvar epithelium, nondysplastic lesions, lichen sclerosus and keratinizing vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. p53 nuclear immunostaining was always negative in HPV-related disease. Conclusions Our findings indicated that p16INK4a or p16INK4a/p53 immunoreactivity, along with histological diagnosis, could be a convenient means to adequately classify VIN and its connection to HPV infection. Therefore, the clear recognition of HPV-associated VIN would lead to an appropriate strategy of treatment and follow-up.

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