scholarly journals Ocular Surface Pathology in Patients Suffering from Mercury Intoxication

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1326
Author(s):  
Pilar Cañadas ◽  
Yrbani Lantigua ◽  
Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca ◽  
Itziar Fernandez ◽  
Salvador Pastor-Idoate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Corneal Sensitivity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Thermal Thresholds ◽  
Mercury Intoxication

Purpose: To report the ocular surface pathology of patients suffering from acute/subacute mercury vapor intoxication. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants: Male workers intoxicated with inorganic mercury referred for ophthalmic involvement and healthy control subjects. Methods: The following tests were performed: dry eye (DE)-related symptoms indicated by the ocular surface disease (OSDI) index questionnaire; tear osmolarity; analysis of 23 tear cytokine concentrations and principal component and hierarchical agglomerative cluster analyses; tear break-up time (T-BUT); corneal fluorescein and conjunctival lissamine green staining; tear production by Schirmer and tear lysozyme tests; mechanical and thermal corneal sensitivity (non-contact esthesiometry); and corneal nerve analysis and dendritic cell density by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Results: Twenty-two out of 29 evaluated patients entered the study. Most had DE-related symptoms (OSDI values > 12), that were severe in 63.6% of them. Tear osmolarity was elevated (>308 mOsms/L) in 83.4% of patients (mean 336.23 (28.71) mOsm/L). Corneal and conjunctival staining were unremarkable. T-BUT was low (<7 s) in 22.7% of patients. Schirmer test and tear lysozyme concentration were low in 13.6% and 27.3% of cases, respectively. Corneal esthesiometry showed patient mechanical (mean 147.81 (53.36) mL/min) and thermal thresholds to heat (+2.35 (+1.10) °C) and cold (−2.57 (−1.24) °C) to be significantly higher than controls. Corneal IVCM revealed lower values for nerve density ((6.4 (2.94) n/mm2), nerve branching density (2 (2.50) n/mm2), and dendritic cell density (9.1 (8.84) n/mm2) in patients. Tear levels of IL-12p70, IL-6, RANTES, and VEGF were increased, whereas EGF and IP-10/CXCL10 were decreased compared to controls. Based on cytokine levels, two clusters of patients were identified. Compared to Cluster 1, Cluster 2 patients had significantly increased tear levels of 18 cytokines, decreased tear lysozyme, lower nerve branching density, fewer dendritic cells, and higher urine mercury levels. Conclusions: Patients suffering from systemic mercury intoxication showed symptoms and signs of ocular surface pathology, mainly by targeting the trigeminal nerve, as shown by alterations in corneal sensitivity and sub-basal nerve morphology.

scholarly journals Ocular Surface Pathology in Patients Suffering From Mercury Intoxication Is Consistent With Neurogenic Dry Eye Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Cañadas ◽  
Yrbani Lantigua Dorville ◽  
Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca ◽  
Itziar Fernandez ◽  
Salvador Pastor-Idoate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Inorganic Mercury ◽  
Corneal Sensitivity ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease Index ◽  
Mercury Intoxication ◽  
Cytokine Levels ◽  
Density Analysis ◽  
Lysozyme Concentration

Abstract Purpose: To report ocular surface pathology of patients with acute/subacute mercury intoxication.Methods: Male workers intoxicated with inorganic mercury were examined for dry eye (DE)-related symptoms. Examinations included Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire; tear osmolarity, tear break-up time (T-BUT) and production; mechanical and thermal corneal sensitivity; corneal nerve and dendritic cell density analysis; and analysis of 23 tear cytokines.Results: Most patients, 63.6%, had severe DE-related symptoms. Tear osmolarity was elevated in 83.4%, and T-BUT was low in 22.7% of patients. Tear production and tear lysozyme concentration were low in 13.6% and 27.3% of cases, respectively. Corneal sensitivity thresholds for mechanical, heat and cold stimuli were higher than controls. Densities of nerves, nerve branching, and dendritic cells were lower than in controls. Patient tear levels of IL-12p70, IL1-RA, RANTES, and VEGF were increased, whereas EGF, IL-6, and IP-10/CXCL10 were decreased. Based on cytokine levels, two clusters of patients were identified. Cluster 2 patients had significantly increased tear levels of 18 cytokines, decreased tear lysozyme, lower nerve branching density, fewer dendritic cells, and higher urine mercury levels.Conclusions: Mercury poisoning produced previously undescribed ocular surface pathology, similar to neurogenic inflammatory type of DE and different from the more common DE subtypes.

scholarly journals In vivo Confocal Microscopic Evaluation of Corneal Dendritic Cell Density and Subbasal Nerve Parameters in Dry Eye Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Xu ◽  
Peng Chen ◽  
Chaoqun Yu ◽  
Yaning Liu ◽  
Shaohua Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Corneal Nerve ◽  
Mean Differences

Purpose: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available research on evaluating changes in corneal dendritic cell density (CDCD) and the main subbasal nerve parameters (SNPs) on the ocular surface and assessing the diagnostic performance of in vivo confocal microscopy in patients with dry eye disease.Methods: A computerized systematic review of literature published in PUBMED, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until May 8, 2020 was performed. All statistical analyses were conducted in RevMan V.5.3 software. The weighted mean differences (WMDs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) between dry eye patients and healthy subjects were presented as results.Results: A total of 11 studies with 755 participants were recruited, and 931 eyes were included in this meta-analysis. However, not all studies reported both CDCD and SNPs. CDCD in the central cornea was higher (WMD = 51.06, 95% CI = 39.42–62.71), while corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD) and corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) were lower (WMD = −7.96, 95% CI = −12.12 to −3.81; SMD = −2.30, 95%CI = −3.26 to −1.35) in dry eye patients in comparison with the corresponding values in healthy controls (all p &lt; 0.00001).Conclusion: Taken together, while CNFD and CNFL were lower in dry eye patients, central CDCD showed a significant increase in these patients in comparison with the corresponding values in healthy controls.

Cell distribution during mouse secondary palate closure

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-130
Author(s):  
Linda L. Brinkley ◽  
Fred L. Bookstein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Histological Section ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Cell Distribution ◽  
Cross Sectional

The patterns of distribution of both total mesenchymal cells and the ratios of [3H]thymidinelabelled to total cells were mapped during secondary palatal shelf reorientation in vivo and in vitro. Smoothed spatial averaging, a computer-assisted method which takes into account the positions of all cells across an entire histological section of the shelf, was employed. Changes in shelf cross-sectional area and cell size were also measured. Three shelf regions, anterior and posterior presumptive hard and presumptive soft palate, were studied at developmental stages which were 30, 24 and 18 h prior to expected in vivo elevation, after in vivo reorientation and during the course of in vitro reorientation. Region-specific patterns of cell distribution change with shelf reorientation. These changes were observable within 6 h. Increases in cell number by cell division may enhance some high local cell densities, but cannot account for decreases in cell density. Increase in cell size is not a factor in decreasing cell density, nor is cell death. Displacement of cells by expansion of the extracellular matrix may be involved.

Corneal epithelial dendritic cell density in the healthy human cornea: A meta-analysis of in-vivo confocal microscopy data

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabia Mobeen ◽  
Fiona Stapleton ◽  
Cecilia Chao ◽  
Michele C. Madigan ◽  
Nancy Briggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Human Cornea ◽  
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Corneal Epithelial ◽  
Microscopy Data

scholarly journals Relationship between Ocular Surface Alterations and Concentrations of Aerial Particulate Matter

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
María A Gutiérrez ◽  
Daniela Giuliani ◽  
Atilio A Porta ◽  
Darío Andrinolo
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Meibomian Gland ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

Purpose: To evaluate ocular surface alterations in two populations at different exposure levels to particulate matter (PM) in their living and work environments. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 78 volunteers from Argentina who lived and worked under different pollution levels in an urban (U; n = 44) or industrial zone (I; n = 34). Mean exposure level to PM was evaluated. Responses to the Ocular Symptom Disease Index and McMonnies questionnaire were obtained from all subjects. Subsequently, an assessment through the Schirmer I test (ST), slit lamp microscopy, vital staining, and tear breakup time was conducted. Statistical analyses with Chi-square and Bartlett’s tests, as well as Student’s t-tests and principal component analysis (PCA), were performed. Results: Particles of size < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) level was significantly higher in the I group than the U group (P = 0.04). Ocular surface parameters including bulbar redness, eyelid redness, and the degree of vital staining with fluorescein (SF) and lissamine green (SLG) exhibited difference between the groups. With regards to the tear film, statistically significant differences in the ST value and meibomian gland dysfunction between the groups were detected (P = 0.003 and P = 0.02, respectively). Conjunctival SF and SLG, and ST values were identified as factors which could distinguish groups exposed to different PM levels. Conclusion: Subjects exposed to higher levels of PM in the outdoor air presented greater ocular surface alterations. Thus, ST, SF, and SLG values could be used as convenient indicators of adverse health effects due to exposure to air pollution.

Local and Systemic Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy in an Animal Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (13) ◽  
pp. 3245-3254
Author(s):  
Austin J. Ramme ◽  
Rose Darcy ◽  
Brennan J. Rourke ◽  
Carol Davis ◽  
James F. Markworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Satellite Cell ◽  
Cell Density ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Peroneal Nerve ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Peroneal Nerve Stimulation

Background: Blood flow restriction therapy (BFRT) has been increasingly applied to improve athletic performance and injury recovery. Validation of BFRT has lagged behind commercialization, and currently the mechanism by which this therapy acts is unknown. BFRT is one type of ischemic therapy, which involves exercising with blood flow restriction. Repetitive restriction of muscle blood flow (RRMBF) is another ischemic therapy type, which does not include exercise. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to develop a rat model of ischemic therapy, characterize changes to muscle contractility, and evaluate local and systemic biochemical and histologic responses of 2 ischemic therapy types. We hypothesized that ischemic therapy would improve muscle mass and strength as compared with the control group. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Four groups of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats were established: control, stimulation, RRMBF, and BFRT. One hindlimb of each subject underwent 8 treatment sessions over 4 weeks. To simulate exercise, the stimulation group underwent peroneal nerve stimulation for 2 minutes. The RRMBF group used a pneumatic cuff inflated to 100 mm Hg with a 48-minute protocol. The BFRT group involved 100–mm Hg pneumatic cuff inflation and peroneal nerve stimulation for a 5-minute protocol. Four methods of evaluation were performed: in vivo contractility testing, histology, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey test and linear mixed effects modeling were used to compare the treatment groups. Results: There was no difference in muscle mass among groups ( P = .40) or between hindlimbs ( P = .73). In vivo contractility testing showed no difference in maximum contractile force among groups ( P = .64) or between hindlimbs ( P = .30). On histology, myocyte cross-sectional area was not different among groups ( P = .55) or between hindlimbs ( P = .44). Pax7 immunohistochemistry demonstrated no difference in muscle satellite cell density among groups ( P = .06) or between hindlimbs ( P = .046). ELISA demonstrated the RRMBF group as eliciting elevated GH levels as compared with the other groups ( P < .001). Conclusion: Ischemic therapy did not induce gains in muscle mass, contractility strength, fiber cross-sectional area, or satellite cell density locally or systemically in this model, although the RRMBF group did have elevated GH levels on ELISA. Clinical Relevance: This animal model does not support ischemic therapy as a method to improve muscle mass, function, or satellite cell density.

Ocular surface alterations and in vivo confocal microscopic characteristics of corneas in patients with myasthenia gravis

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-546
Author(s):  
Kadriye Erkan Turan ◽  
Sibel Kocabeyoglu ◽  
Can Ebru Bekircan-Kurt ◽  
Figen Bezci ◽  
Sevim Erdem-Ozdamar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myasthenia Gravis ◽  
Ocular Surface ◽  
Disease Index ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Corneal Sensitivity ◽  
Ocular Surface Disease Index ◽  
Lissamine Green ◽  
Schirmer I Test

Purpose: To evaluate ocular surface alterations and characteristics of corneal basal epithelium and subbasal nerves in patients with myasthenia gravis. Materials and methods: Myasthenia gravis patients (n = 21) and healthy controls (n = 20) were enrolled. All participants underwent ocular surface testing in the following order: tear break-up time, lissamine green staining, Schirmer I test with anesthesia, and Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire. The Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer was used to measure corneal sensitivity. Basal epithelial cells and subbasal nerves were evaluated using in vivo confocal microscopy. Results: Myasthenia gravis patients had higher Ocular Surface Disease Index score (13.9 ± 15.0 vs 1.4 ± 2.2, p < 0.001) and lissamine green staining score (0.6 ± 0.4 vs 0.2 ± 0.4, p = 0.007). Break-up time score (9.3 ± 3.0 vs 9.9 ± 1.9, p = 0.481) and Schirmer I test score (16.5 ± 9.2 vs 19.3 ± 8.4, p = 0.323) did not differ significantly. Corneal sensation was 0.4 g/mm2 in all eyes. Patients with myasthenia gravis had lower basal epithelial cell density (3775.7 ± 938.1 vs 4983.1 ± 608.5, p < 0.001) and total nerve density (1956.1 ± 373.3 vs 2277.9 ± 405.0, p = 0.012) and higher subbasal nerve tortuosity (1.9 ± 0.8 vs 1.6 ± 0.7, p = 0.007) than controls. A significant increase in Ocular Surface Disease Index scores was found with decreasing basal epithelial cell density (rho = −0.518, p = 0.001). There was a significantly moderate negative correlation between the duration of myasthenia gravis and the number of corneal nerves (rho = −0.497, p = 0.022). Conclusion: Significant alterations of basal epithelial cells and subbasal nerves were demonstrated in myasthenia gravis patients although there was no difference of corneal sensitivity between myasthenia gravis patients and healthy controls. Thus, it should be borne in mind that myasthenia gravis patients deserve further evaluation with regard to ocular surface disease.

Hair cell changes after cationic stimulation of corti's organ

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 798-799
Author(s):  
Cesar D. Fermin ◽  
Hans-Peter Zenner
Keyword(s):  
Organ Of Corti ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
High K ◽  
Anatomical Arrangement ◽  
Cell Cytosol ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Cell Changes

Contraction of outer and inner hair cells (OHC&IHC) in the Organ of Corti (OC) of the inner ear is necessary for sound transduction. Getting at HC in vivo preparations is difficult. Thus, isolated HCs have been used to study OHC properties. Even though viability has been shown in isolated (iOHC) preparations by good responses to current and cationic stimulation, the contribution of adjoining cells can not be explained with iOHC preparations. This study was undertaken to examine changes in the OHC after expossure of the OHC to high concentrations of potassium (K) and sodium (Na), by carefully immersing the OC in either artifical endolymph or perilymph. After K and Na exposure, OCs were fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in osmium, separated into base, middle and apex and embedded in Araldite™. One μm thick sections were prepared for analysis with the light and E.M. Cross sectional areas were measured with Bioquant™ software.Potassium and sodium both cause isolated guinea pig OHC to contract. In vivo high K concentration may cause uncontrolled and sustained contractions that could contribute to Meniere's disease. The behavior of OHC in the vivo setting might be very different from that of iOHC. We show here changes of the cell cytosol and cisterns caused by K and Na to OHC in situs. The table below shows results from cross sectional area measurements of OHC from OC that were exposed to either K or Na. As one would expect, from the anatomical arrangement of the OC, OHC#l that are supported by rigid tissue would probably be displaced (move) less than those OHC located away from the pillar. Surprisingly, cells in the middle turn of the cochlea changed their surface areas more than those at either end of the cochlea. Moreover, changes in surface area do not seem to differ between K and Na treated OCs.

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