scholarly journals Neurogranin as a Reliable Biomarker for Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2339
Author(s):  
Luisa Agnello ◽  
Bruna Lo Sasso ◽  
Matteo Vidali ◽  
Concetta Scazzone ◽  
Tommaso Piccoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Synaptic Dysfunction ◽  
Reference Limits ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
T Tau ◽  
State Examination

(1) Background: Neurogranin is a post-synaptic protein expressed in the neurons of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. It has been recently proposed as a promising biomarker of synaptic dysfunction, especially in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, more efforts are needed before introducing it in clinical practice, including the definition of its reference interval (RI). The aim of the study was to establish the RI of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurogranin levels in controls and individuals with non-neurodegenerative neurological diseases; (2) We included a total of 136 individuals that were sub-grouped as follows: AD patients (n = 33), patients with non-neurodegenerative neurological diseases (n = 70) and controls (33). We measured CSF neurogranin levels by a commercial ELISA kit. CSF RI of neurogranin was calculated by a robust method; (3) Results: AD patients showed increased levels of neurogranin. We also found that neurogranin was significantly correlated with T-tau, P-tau and mini mental state examination in AD patients. The lower and upper reference limits of the RI were 2.9 (90%CI 0.1–10.8) and 679 (90%CI 595–779), respectively; (4) Conclusion: This is the first study establishing the RI of CSF neurogranin.

Validation of the Hungarian version of Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive Subscale

2012 ◽  
Vol 153 (12) ◽  
pp. 461-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdolna Pákáski ◽  
Gergely Drótos ◽  
Zoltán Janka ◽  
János Kálmán
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Assessment Scale ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Cognitive Subscale ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Hungarian Version

The cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale is the most widely used test in the diagnostic and research work of Alzheimer’s disease. Aims: The aim of this study was to validate and investigate reliability of the Hungarian version of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and healthy control subjects. Methods: syxty-six patients with mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease and 47 non-demented control subjects were recruited for the study. The cognitive status was established by the Hungarian version of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale and Mini Mental State Examination. Discriminative validity, the relation between age and education and Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale, and the sensitivity and specificity of the test were determined. Results: Both the Mini Mental State Examination and the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale had significant potential in differentiating between patients with mild and moderate stages of Alzheimer’s disease and control subjects. A very strong negative correlation was established between the scores of the Mini Mental State Examination and the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale in the Alzheimer’s disease group. The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale showed slightly negative relationship between education and cognitive performance, whereas a positive correlation between age and Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale scores was detected only in the control group. According to the analysis of the ROC curve, the values of sensitivity and specificity of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale were high. Conclusions: The Hungarian version of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale was found to be highly reliable and valid and, therefore, the application of this scale can be recommended for the establishment of the clinical stage and follow-up of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. However, the current Hungarian version of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale is not sufficient; the list of words and linguistic elements should be selected according to the Hungarian standard in the future. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 461–466.

scholarly journals Educational bias in the assessment of severe dementia: Brazilian cutoffs for severe Mini-Mental State Examination

2014 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Roberto Wajman ◽  
Fabricio Ferreira de Oliveira ◽  
Rodrigo Rizek Schultz ◽  
Sheilla de Medeiros Correia Marin ◽  
Paulo Henrique Ferreira Bertolucci
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Cognitive Responses ◽  
Clinical Dementia Rating ◽  
Severe Dementia ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
State Examination

Cognitive assessment in advanced stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is limited by the imprecision of most instruments. Objective: To determine objective cognitive responses in moderate and severe AD patients by way of the Severe Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE), and to correlate performances with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. Method: Consecutive outpatients in moderate and severe stages of AD (Clinical Dementia Rating 2.0 or 3.0) were evaluated and compared according to MMSE and SMMSE scores. Results: Overall 400 patients were included, 67.5% females, mean age 76.6±6.7 years-old. There was no significant impact of age or gender over MMSE or SMMSE scores. Mean schooling was 4.4±2.5 years, impacting SMMSE scores (p=0.008). Scores on MMSE and SMMSE were significantly correlated (F-ratio=690.6325, p<0.0001). Conclusion: The SMMSE is influenced by schooling, but not by age or gender, and is an accurate test for assessment of moderate and severe AD.

scholarly journals Late Onset Alzheimer Dementia in Patients with Genotype E3/E4: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (C) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Ayu Putri Laksmidewi ◽  
Chiquita Putri Vania Rau
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Apoe Genotype ◽  
Time Orientation ◽  
Alzheimer Dementia ◽  
The Family ◽  
State Examination

BACKGROUND: Dementia is one of the leading causes of disability and dependence in elderly worldwide. Epidemiological statistics indicate that data show that at about 60–80%, Alzheimer’s is the most common type of dementia. Alzheimer’s is also the third-most prominent cause of death in elderly. CASE REPORT: A 72-years-old male patient, complained by the family often forgets about things that have just been done for 3 years ago. According to the family, patient also often discussing the same things repeatedly. Patients tend not to have the initiative to start his daily activities. The family admitted that patient also became often angry and felt suspicious for the last 2 years. From the mini mental state examination showed disturbances in time orientation and recall; from Montreal Cognitive Assessment Ina found disturbances in visuospatial, fluency, abstraction, delayed memory, and time orientation; accompanied by activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL disorders. Patient also performed a molecular examination of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and the genotype E3/E4 was detected. CONCLUSION: The function of the APOE gene, in particular APOE4, is the most emphasized genetic relationship in late onset Alzheimer’s disease. It is proposed that blocking the action of APOE4 can delay or stop Alzheimer’s disease progression.

scholarly journals Atrophy subtypes and the ATN classification scheme in Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nira Cedres ◽  
Urban Ekman ◽  
Konstantinos Poulakis ◽  
Sara Shams ◽  
Lena Cavallin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Mixed Data ◽  
Clinical Factors ◽  
Source Characteristics ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers ◽  
State Examination

Abstract BACKGROUND We investigated the association between atrophy subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the ATN classification scheme, and key demographic and clinical factors, in two cohorts with different source characteristics (a highly selective research-oriented cohort, ADNI; and a naturalistic heterogeneous clinically-oriented cohort, Karolinska Imaging Dementia Study (KIDS). METHODS A total of 382 AD patients were included. Factorial analysis of mixed data was used to investigate associations between AD subtype based on brain atrophy patterns, ATN profiles based on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and age, sex, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) (burden of white matter signal abnormalities, WMSA), and APOE genotype. RESULTS Older patients with high WMSA burden, belonging to the typical AD subtype, and showing A + T + N + or A + T + N- profiles clustered together and were mainly from ADNI. Younger patients with low WMSA burden, limbic-predominant or minimal atrophy AD subtypes, and A + T-N- or A + T-N + profiles, clustered together and were mainly from KIDS. APOE ε4 carriers more frequently showed the A + T-N- and A + T + N- profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our findings align with the recent framework for biological subtypes of AD: the combination of risk factors, protective factors, and brain pathologies determines belonging of AD patients to distinct subtypes.

The Mini-Mental State Examination in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Galasko ◽  
M. R. Klauber ◽  
C. R. Hofstetter ◽  
D. P. Salmon ◽  
B. Lasker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
State Examination

scholarly journals Kihito, a Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine, Improves Cognitive Function in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidetoshi Watari ◽  
Yutaka Shimada ◽  
Mie Matsui ◽  
Chihiro Tohda
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Mmse Score ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
State Examination

Background and Aims. We previously reported that the administration of traditional Japanese medicines, kihito (Gui-Pi-Tang in Chinese) and kamikihito (Jia-Wei-Gui-Pi-Tang in Chinese), to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice improved memory impairment. There are a few reports that show kihito and kamikihito have a beneficial effect on the cognitive function of AD patients in clinical studies. However, these studies are not comparative and are retrospective studies; thus, more evidence is needed. Therefore, we conducted an open-label, crossover designed clinical trial to investigate the effect of kihito on cognitive function of AD patients. Methods. The inclusion criteria for eligible patients were as follows: (1) imaging diagnosis (magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography) of AD, (2) a treatment regimen including acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs), and (3) a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥15. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) change in ChEI dosage, (2) memantine usage, and (3) MMSE score < 15. To prevent bias in age and baseline cognitive function, patients were divided into two groups: the first group received 2.5 g of kihito extract 3 times/day during the first half of the study (weeks 0-16) and the second group received the same dose of kihito during the second half of the study (weeks 17-32). ChEI dosage did not change during the study period. Patients underwent a cognitive function test during weeks 0, 16, and 32. Cognitive function was evaluated by Japanese versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-J) and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS-J) test. Results. Ten patients completed the clinical trial (4 males, 6 females, average age 71.7 years). MMSE-J scores significantly increased during the kihito intake period. RBANS-J test scores had a slight improvement during the kihito intake period compared with the ChEI alone treatment period, but no significant changes were observed. Conclusion. Kihito improves cognitive function in AD patients.

scholarly journals Ophthalmologic Psychophysical Tests Support OCT Findings in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Salobrar-Garcia ◽  
Rosa de Hoz ◽  
Blanca Rojas ◽  
Ana I. Ramirez ◽  
Juan J. Salazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Digital Test ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Psychophysical Tests ◽  
Best Corrected Visual Acuity

Purpose. To analyze in mild Alzheimer’s disease (MAD) patients, GDS-4 (Reisberg Scale), whether or not some psychophysical tests (PTs) support OCT macular findings in the same group of MAD patients reported previously.Methods. Twenty-three MAD patients and 28 age-matched control subjects with mean Mini Mental State Examination of 23.3 and 28.2, respectively, with no ocular disease or systemic disorders affecting vision were included. Best-corrected visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS) (3, 6, 12, and 18 cpds), color perception (CP), and perception digital test (PDT) were tested in one eye of each patient.Results. In comparison with the controls, MAD patients presented (i) a significant decrease in VA, PDT, and CS for all spatial frequencies analyzed, especially the higher ones, and (ii) a significant increase in unspecific errors on the blue axis (P<0.05in all instances). In MAD patients, a wide aROC curve was plotted in all PTs.Conclusions. In MAD, CS, VA, and the tritan axis in CP were impaired. The PTs with the greatest predictive value are the higher spatial frequencies in CS and tritan unspecific errors in CP. PT abnormalities are consistent with the structural findings reported in the same MAD patients using OCT.

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