scholarly journals Inferring a Property of a Large System from a Small Number of Samples

Entropy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Damián G. Hernández ◽  
Inés Samengo
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Prior Distribution ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Bayesian Estimator ◽  
Inference Process ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relevant Component

Inferring the value of a property of a large stochastic system is a difficult task when the number of samples is insufficient to reliably estimate the probability distribution. The Bayesian estimator of the property of interest requires the knowledge of the prior distribution, and in many situations, it is not clear which prior should be used. Several estimators have been developed so far in which the proposed prior us individually tailored for each property of interest; such is the case, for example, for the entropy, the amount of mutual information, or the correlation between pairs of variables. In this paper, we propose a general framework to select priors that is valid for arbitrary properties. We first demonstrate that only certain aspects of the prior distribution actually affect the inference process. We then expand the sought prior as a linear combination of a one-dimensional family of indexed priors, each of which is obtained through a maximum entropy approach with constrained mean values of the property under study. In many cases of interest, only one or very few components of the expansion turn out to contribute to the Bayesian estimator, so it is often valid to only keep a single component. The relevant component is selected by the data, so no handcrafted priors are required. We test the performance of this approximation with a few paradigmatic examples and show that it performs well in comparison to the ad-hoc methods previously proposed in the literature. Our method highlights the connection between Bayesian inference and equilibrium statistical mechanics, since the most relevant component of the expansion can be argued to be that with the right temperature.

Language, procedures, and the non-perceptual origin of natural number concepts

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Barner
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Number Words ◽  
Linguistic Markers ◽  
Logical Foundations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Positive Integers ◽  
Perceptual Systems

Perceptual representations – e.g., of objects or approximate magnitudes –are often invoked as building blocks that children combine with linguisticsymbols when they acquire the positive integers. Systems of numericalperception are either assumed to contain the logical foundations ofarithmetic innately, or to supply the basis for their induction. Here Ipropose an alternative to this general framework, and argue that theintegers are not learned from perceptual systems, but instead arise toexplain perception as part of language acquisition. Drawing oncross-linguistic data and developmental data, I show that small numbers(1-4) and large numbers (~5+) arise both historically and in individualchildren via entirely distinct mechanisms, constituting independentlearning problems, neither of which begins with perceptual building blocks.Specifically, I propose that children begin by learning small numbers(i.e., *one, two, three*) using the same logical resources that supportother linguistic markers of number (e.g., singular, plural). Several yearslater, children discover the logic of counting by inferring the logicalrelations between larger number words from their roles in blind countingprocedures, and only incidentally associate number words with perception ofapproximate magnitudes, in an *ad hoc* and highly malleable fashion.Counting provides a form of explanation for perception but is not causallyderived from perceptual systems.

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Goossens
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
General Program ◽  
Magnetic Card ◽  
The Right

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving  the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer - In this contribution an attempt was made to perform the  calculations involving the forest inventory by means of an office computer  Olivetti P203.     The general program (flowchart 1), identical for all tree species except  for the values of the different parameters, occupies the tracks A and B of a  magnetic card used with this computer. For each tree species one magnetic  card is required, while some supplementary cards are used for the  subroutines. The first subroutine (flowchart 1) enables us to preserve  temporarily the subtotals between two tree species (mixed stands) and so  called special or stand cards (SC). After the last tree species the totals  per ha are calculated and printed on the former, the average trees occuring  on the line below. Appendix 1 gives an example of a similar form resulting  from calculations involving a sampling in a mixed stand consisting of Oak  (code 11), Red oak (code 12), Japanese larch (code 24) and Beech (code 13).  On this form we find from the left to the right: the diameter class (m), the  number of trees per ha, the basal area (m2/ha), the current annual increment  of the basal area (m2/year/ha), current annual volume increment (m3/year/ha),  the volume (m3/ha) and the money value of the standing trees (Bfr/ha). On the  line before the last, the totals of the quantities mentioned above and of all  the tree species together are to be found. The last line gives a survey of  the average values dg, g, ig, ig, v and w.     Besides this form each stand or plot has a so-called 'stand card SC' on  wich the totals cited above as well as the area of the stand or the plot and  its code are stored. Similar 'stand card' may replace in many cases  completely the classical index cards; moreover they have the advantage that  the data can be entered directly into the computer so that further  calculations, classifications or tabling can be carried out by means of an  appropriate program or subroutine. The subroutine 2 (flowchart 2) illustrates  the use of similar cards for a series of stands or eventually a complete  forest, the real values of the different quantities above are calculated and  tabled (taking into account the area). At the same time the general totals  and the general mean values per ha, as well as the average trees are  calculated and printed. Appendix 2 represents a form resulting from such  calculations by means of subroutine 2.

Asymptotic derivation of a refined equation for an elastic beam resting on a Winkler foundation

2021 ◽  
pp. 108128652110238
Author(s):  
Barış Erbaş ◽  
Julius Kaplunov ◽  
Isaac Elishakoff
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Moving Load ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Elastic Beam ◽  
Winkler Foundation ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Beam Equations ◽  
Dimensional Equation ◽  
Phase And Group Velocities ◽  
Group Velocities

A two-dimensional mixed problem for a thin elastic strip resting on a Winkler foundation is considered within the framework of plane stress setup. The relative stiffness of the foundation is supposed to be small to ensure low-frequency vibrations. Asymptotic analysis at a higher order results in a one-dimensional equation of bending motion refining numerous ad hoc developments starting from Timoshenko-type beam equations. Two-term expansions through the foundation stiffness are presented for phase and group velocities, as well as for the critical velocity of a moving load. In addition, the formula for the longitudinal displacements of the beam due to its transverse compression is derived.

Research on the Distributed Characteristics of the Delay for Network Coding Based Real-Time Multicast in MANETs

2014 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 768-772
Author(s):  
Guo Ping Tan ◽  
Lin Feng Tan ◽  
Lei Cao ◽  
Mei Yan Ju
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Network Coding ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Lognormal Distribution ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Actual Distribution ◽  
Delay Distribution

For the study of the applications of partial network coding based real-time multicast protocol (PNCRM) in Mobile Ad hoc networks, the researches should be developed in the probability distribution of delay. In this paper, NS2 is used to obtain the delay of data packets through simulations. Because the delay does not obey the strict normal distribution, the maximum likelihood estimate method based on the lognormal distribution is used to process the data. Using MATLAB to obtain the actual distribution of the natural logarithm of delay, then drawing the delay distribution with the maximum likelihood estimation method based on the lognormal distribution, the conclusion that the distributions obtained by the above mentioned methods are basically consistent can be obtained. So the delay distribution of PNCRM meets the lognormal distribution and the characteristic of delay probability distribution can be estimated.

The International Criminal Court's Provisional Authority to Coerce

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Franceschet
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
World Order ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Right

The United Nations ad hoc tribunals in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda had primacy over national judicial agents for crimes committed in these countries during the most notorious civil wars and genocide of the 1990s. The UN Charter granted the Security Council the right to establish a tribunal for Yugoslavia in the context of ongoing civil war and against the will of recalcitrant national agents. The Council used that same right to punish individuals responsible for a genocide that it failed earlier to prevent in Rwanda. In both cases the Council delegated a portion of its coercive title to independent tribunal agents, thereby overriding the default locus of punishment in the world order: sovereign states.

Normative Arm and Calf Blood Pressure Values in the Newborn

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
Myung K. Park ◽  
Da-Hae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Coarctation Of The Aorta ◽  
Upper Arm ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Right ◽  
Diagnosis Of Hypertension ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

Indirect BP measurement was obtained in the right upper arm in 219 healthy newborn infants with the Dinamap monitor and was compared with values obtained from the calf to establish normative BP values and to help establish a diagnosis of hypertension and coarctation of the aorta in the newborn. There were 174 Mexican-Americans (79.5%), 33 whites (15.0%), and 12 blacks (5.5%). The width of the BP cuff was selected to be 0.4 to 0.5 times the circumference of the extremities. Three supine position readings of BPs and heart rate were obtained from each site and were averaged for statistical analyses. Mean arm BP values (±SD) of the neonate less than 36 hours of age were 62.6±6.9/38.9± 5.7 mm Hg (48.0±6.2 mm Hg). Neonates older than 36 hours had slightly but significantly (P<.05) greater values (4 to 6 mm Hg) than did infants younger than 36 hours of age. Active neonates had values 6 to 10 mm Hg greater than quiet neonates (P<.05). BP values in the calf obtained with the same-sized cuff were almost identical with those obtained from the arm. Differences in consecutively obtained arm and calf BPs (arm values minus calf values) were 1.1±7.7 mm Hg systolic, -0.01 ± 6.2 mm Hg diastolic, and 0.9 ±6.9 mm Hg mean pressures. Mean heart rate (±SD) of neonates less than 36 hours of age was 129.4± 13.2 beats per minute and that of neonates older than 36 hours of age was 139.4± 14.1 beats per minute. These results show the following: (1) arm BPs and calf BPs using the same-sized cuff are almost identical with mean values of approximately 65/ 41 mm Hg (50 mm Hg) in neonates one to three days of age, (2) arm BP of 75/49 mm Hg (59 mm Hg) or greater is in the hypertensive range, and (3) calf BPs that are less than arm BPs by mean + 1 SD (6 to 9 mm Hg) necessitate a thorough investigation for coarctation of the aorta.

Ice drift in Peter the Great Bay

2014 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav A. Dubina ◽  
Vladimir V. Plotnikov ◽  
Nina S. Kot
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Images ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Peter The Great Bay ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Great Bay ◽  
Ice Drift ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Dynamics of the sea ice cover in Peter the Great Bay is considered, for the first time for its whole area, on the base of satellite images received in 2004-2011 from the spectroradiometers MODIS mounted on the satellites Terra and Aqua. High spatial resolution maps of the ice drift are constructed for various wind conditions. Mean values of the drift velocity and wind coefficient are calculated for four parts of the Bay. In usual conditions of winter monsoon, the ice in the central part of Peter the Great Bay drifts southward with the velocity 0.5-0.6 m/s with deviation from the wind direction about 40° to the right; the ice at the western coast drifts along the island chain with the velocity 0.1-0.4 m/s under wind of any direction in the quadrant from northwest to northeast.

L'azione dell'Unione europea contro le discriminazioni basate sulla religione: l'impatto della giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti umani

2012 ◽  
pp. 475-511
Author(s):  
Federico Casolari
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Law Although EU law has established a general framework concerning the fight against discriminations on the grounds of religion (namely as far as equal treatment in employment and occupation is concerned), the related ECJ case law is not very rich. This article tracks and evaluates the impact of the ECHR case law devoted to the freedom of religion on the interpretation and application of EU law concerning religion discriminations. It argues that the ECHR case law may contribute to identify the notion of ‘religion' which is relevant for EU law, while several arguments may be put forward against the application of the Strasbourg approach to the balancing between the right to quality based on religion and others human rights into the EU legal order.

scholarly journals ANALISIS JENIS LAYANAN PENDIDIKAN DAN NON PENDIDIKAN YANG PENTING BAGI PENINGKATAN KEPUASAN MAHASISWA (STUDI KASUS: FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Aries Susanty ◽  
Haryo Santoso ◽  
Pramudiastuti Nursyachbani
Keyword(s):  
Taguchi Method ◽  
Student Satisfaction ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Optimal Result ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Order ◽  
Item Item

AbstrakPenelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan. Pertama, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi item layanan pendidikan dan non pendidikan yang dianggap penting untuk peningkatan kepuasan mahasiswa Fakultas Teknik Univesitas Diponegoro (UNDIP). Kedua, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun sejumlah rekomendasi untuk perbaikan atas item layanan pendidikan  dan non pendidikan yang dianggap penting tersebut. Terdapat 7 dimensi dan 28 item layanan yang digunakan untuk mengindentifikasi jenis layanan pendidikan dan non Pendidikan yang diterima oleh mahasiswa Fakultas Teknik UNDIP. Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Kano dan Taguchi untuk mengindentifikasi item layanan pendidikan dan non pendidikan yang dianggap paling penting. Dalam hal ini, Metode Kano digunakan untuk memilih sejumlah item layanan pendidikan dan non pendidikan yang termasuk dalam kelompok attractive dan one-dimentional. Adapun Metode Taguchi digunakan untuk dua hal, yang pertama yaitu memverifikasi hasil pengelompokan dari Metode Kano sehingga diperoleh hasil yang lebih optimal dan mengurutkan  prioritas perbaikan dari item-item layanan yang termasuk dalam kelompok  attractive dan one-dimentional. Data untuk penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil pengisian kuesioner oleh 120 responden untuk kuesioner Kano dan 60 responden untuk kuesioner Taguchi. Hasil pengolahan data dengan menggunakan Metode Kano menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 6 item layanan yang termasuk dalam kategori one-dimensional dan terdapat 2 item layanan .yang termasuk dalam kategori attractive. Selanjutnya, pengolahan data dengan menggunakan  Metode Taguchi diperoleh bahwa terdapat 2 item layanan yang perpindah dari one-dimensional ke attractive dan 1 item layanan yangberpindah dari attractive ke one-dimensional. AbstractAnalysis of the type of educational and non-educational services that are important for the enhancement of student satisfaction (case study Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University)] This research has two objective. First this study aims to identify the type of educational and non-educational services that are important for the satisfaction’s enhancement of the student of Faculty Engineering, Diponegoro University. Second, this study aims to formulate some recommendation for improving the type of educational and non-educational services that are important for the satisfaction’s enhancement of the student of Faculty Engineering. There are 7 dimensions and 28 indicators used to identify the type of educational and non-educational received by the student. This research uses the Kano and Taguchi method to identify the type of educational and non-educational services that are important for student. In this case, the Kano method is used to identify educational and non-educational services that are include attractive and one-dimensional categories. Whereas the Taguchi method is used to verify Kano’s categorize result for getting more optimal result than Kano method and to put priorities in the right order of those services that are include attractive and one-dimensional categories. Data for this research is got from questionnaires that were distributed to 120 respondents for Kano method and 60 respondents for Taguchi method. Kano method’s result showed that there are 6 type of services that are include in one-dimensional category and 2 type of services that are include in attractive category.  However, based on validation result that is using Taguchi method showed that there are 5 type of services that are include in one-dimensional category and 3 type of services that are include in attractive category.Keywords: Educational and Non-educational Services; Satisfaction’s Enhancement of Student; Faculty of Engineering Diponegoro Univesity; Kano Method; Taguchi Method.

scholarly journals Discrete-time quantum walks generated by aperiodic fractal sequence of space coin operators

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1850098 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. S. Andrade ◽  
A. M. C. Souza
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Entanglement Entropy ◽  
Quantum Effects ◽  
Quantum Walks ◽  
Cantor Set ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Time Quantum

Properties of one-dimensional discrete-time quantum walks (DTQWs) are sensitive to the presence of inhomogeneities in the substrate, which can be generated by defining position-dependent coin operators. Deterministic aperiodic sequences of two or more symbols provide ideal environments where these properties can be explored in a controlled way. Based on an exhaustive numerical study, this work discusses a two-coin model resulting from the construction rules that lead to the usual fractal Cantor set. Although the fraction of the less frequent coin [Formula: see text] as the size of the chain is increased, it leaves peculiar properties in the walker dynamics. They are characterized by the wave function, from which results for the probability distribution and its variance, as well as the entanglement entropy, were obtained. A number of results for different choices of the two coins are presented. The entanglement entropy has shown to be very sensitive to uncovering subtle quantum effects present in the model.

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