scholarly journals Experimental Assessment of the Performance and Emissions of a Spark-Ignition Engine Using Waste-Derived Biofuels as Additives

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5209
Author(s):  
Joaquim Costa ◽  
Jorge Martins ◽  
Tiago Arantes ◽  
Margarida Gonçalves ◽  
Luis Durão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

The use of biofuels for spark ignition engines is proposed to diversify fuel sources and reduce fossil fuel consumption, optimize engine performance, and reduce pollutant emissions. Additionally, when these biofuels are produced from low-grade wastes, they constitute valorisation pathways for these otherwise unprofitable wastes. In this study, ethanol and pyrolysis biogasoline made from low-grade wastes were evaluated as additives for commercial gasoline (RON95, RON98) in tests performed in a spark ignition engine. Binary fuel mixtures of ethanol + gasoline or biogasoline + gasoline with biofuel incorporation of 2% (w/w) to 10% (w/w) were evaluated and compared with ternary fuel mixtures of ethanol + biogasoline + gasoline with biofuel incorporation rates from 1% (w/w) to 5% (w/w). The fuel mix performance was assessed by determination of torque and power, fuel consumption and efficiency, and emissions (HC, CO, and NOx). An electronic control unit (ECU) was used to regulate the air–fuel ratio/lambda and the ignition advance for maximum brake torque (MBT), wide-open throttle (WOT)), and two torque loads for different engine speeds representative of typical driving. The additive incorporation up to 10% often improved efficiency and lowered emissions such as CO and HC relative to both straight gasolines, but NOx increased with the addition of a blend.

scholarly journals Investigation of cycle skipping methods in an engine converted to positive ignition natural gas engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 168781402110454
Author(s):  
Erdal Tunçer ◽  
Tarkan Sandalcı ◽  
Yasin Karagöz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electronic Throttle ◽  
Operating Modes

In this study, a single cylinder of 1.16 L, naturally aspirated engine was converted to a spark ignition engine, which was a diesel engine operating with natural gas as fuel. By placing electronic throttle, electronic ignition module, gas fuel injectors and proximity sensors on the test engine, the engine has been turned into a positive ignition engine that can work with natural gas as fuel, thanks to the electronic control unit developed by our project team. Then, in the study performed, different cycle skipping strategies were experimentally investigated at a constant engine speed of 1565 rpm, in accordance with the generator operating conditions. Engine performance, emissions (CO, HC, and NOx), and combustion characteristics (cylinder pressure, rate of heat release, etc.) of cycle skipping strategies were experimentally investigated with natural gas as fuel in Normal, 3N1S, 2N1S, and 1N1S engine operating modes. According to the results obtained, specific fuel consumption, CO and HC values improved in all cycle skipping operating conditions, except for NOx, but the best results were obtained in 2N1S operating conditions; it was concluded that the specific fuel consumption, CO and HC values improved by 11.19%, 61.89%, and 65.60%, respectively.

Performance and Emission Assessments for Different Acetone Gasoline Blends Powered Spark Ignition Engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Alahmer
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Performance And Emission

Acetone-gasoline fuel is considered as one of the promising alternative fuels in recent years and it is promoted as being able to overcome the difficulty of simultaneously reducing the exhaust emissions and improving of gasoline engine performance. This manuscript experimentally investigates the engine performance and on the main pollutant emissions for a single cylinder, four-stroke, spark-ignition engine powered by gasoline fuels of two different acetone-gasoline blends namely AC5 (5 vol. % acetone + 95 vol. % gasoline) and AC10. The experiments were conducted in the speed range from 1000 to 3600 rpm. The SI engine was connected to eddy current dynamometer with electronic control unit (ECU) and an exhaust gas analyzer. It was found that, in general, as the percentage of acetone added to gasoline increases in the blends, the engine performance improved. Numerically, it was found that the AC10 had a higher engine brake power, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and BSFC with 4.39%, 6.9%, 7.2% and 5.2 percent respectively than those of pure gasoline. Furthermore, the use of acetone with gasoline fuel reduces exhaust emission concentrations by 26.3%, 30.3%, 6.6% and 4.4% for CO, UHC, NOx and CO2 respectively

scholarly journals Numerical Study of Engine Performance and Emissions for Port Injection of Ammonia into a Gasoline\Ethanol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition Engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1441
Author(s):  
Farhad Salek ◽  
Meisam Babaie ◽  
Amin Shakeri ◽  
Seyed Vahid Hosseini ◽  
Timothy Bodisco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Combustion Model ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Hc Emissions

This study aims to investigate the effect of the port injection of ammonia on performance, knock and NOx emission across a range of engine speeds in a gasoline/ethanol dual-fuel engine. An experimentally validated numerical model of a naturally aspirated spark-ignition (SI) engine was developed in AVL BOOST for the purpose of this investigation. The vibe two zone combustion model, which is widely used for the mathematical modeling of spark-ignition engines is employed for the numerical analysis of the combustion process. A significant reduction of ~50% in NOx emissions was observed across the engine speed range. However, the port injection of ammonia imposed some negative impacts on engine equivalent BSFC, CO and HC emissions, increasing these parameters by 3%, 30% and 21%, respectively, at the 10% ammonia injection ratio. Additionally, the minimum octane number of primary fuel required to prevent knock was reduced by up to 3.6% by adding ammonia between 5 and 10%. All in all, the injection of ammonia inside a bio-fueled engine could make it robust and produce less NOx, while having some undesirable effects on BSFC, CO and HC emissions.

scholarly journals The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1214
Author(s):  
Farhad Salek ◽  
Meisam Babaie ◽  
Maria Dolores Redel-Macias ◽  
Ali Ghodsi ◽  
Seyed Vahid Hosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Engine Performance And Emissions ◽  
Engine Power

It has been proven that vehicle emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are negatively affecting the health of human beings as well as the environment. In addition, it was recently highlighted that air pollution may result in people being more vulnerable to the deadly COVID-19 virus. The use of biofuels such as E5 and E10 as alternatives of gasoline fuel have been recommended by different researchers. In this paper, the impacts of port injection of water to a spark ignition engine fueled by gasoline, E5 and E10 on its performance and NOx production have been investigated. The experimental work was undertaken using a KIA Cerato engine and the results were used to validate an AVL BOOST model. To develop the numerical analysis, design of experiment (DOE) method was employed. The results showed that by increasing the ethanol fraction in gasoline/ethanol blend, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved between 2.3% and 4.5%. However, the level of NOx increased between 22% to 48%. With port injection of water up to 8%, there was up to 1% increase in engine power whereas NOx and BSFC were reduced by 8% and 1%, respectively. The impacts of simultaneous changing of the start of combustion (SOC) and water injection rate on engine power and NOx production was also investigated. It was found that the NOx concentration is very sensitive to SOC variation.

The Lean Mixture Operational Limits of a Spark Ignition Engine When Operated on Fuel Mixtures

2008 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailin Li ◽  
Ghazi A. Karim ◽  
A. Sohrabi
Keyword(s):  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Si Engine ◽  
Lean Mixture ◽  
Si Engines ◽  
Unstable Combustion ◽  
Fuel Mixtures ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Combustion Processes

The operation of spark ignition (SI) engines on lean mixtures is attractive, in principle, since it can provide improved fuel economy, reduced tendency to knock, and extremely low NOx emissions. However, the associated flame propagation rates become degraded significantly and drop sharply as the operating mixture is made increasingly leaner. Consequently, there exist distinct operational lean mixture limits beyond which satisfactory engine performance cannot be maintained due to the resulting prolonged and unstable combustion processes. This paper presents experimental data obtained in a single cylinder, variable compression ratio, SI engine when operated in turn on methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, gasoline, iso-octane, and some of their binary mixtures. A quantitative approach for determining the operational limits of SI engines is proposed. The lean limits thus derived are compared and validated against the corresponding experimental results obtained using more traditional approaches. On this basis, the dependence of the values of the lean mixture operational limits on the composition of the fuel mixtures is investigated and discussed. The operational limit for throttled operation with methane as the fuel is also established.

scholarly journals Effect of Cylinder-by-Cylinder Variation on Performance and Gaseous Emissions of a PFI Spark Ignition Engine: Experimental and 1D Numerical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6035
Author(s):  
Luigi Teodosio ◽  
Luca Marchitto ◽  
Cinzia Tornatore ◽  
Fabio Bozza ◽  
Gerardo Valentino
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
The Impact

Combustion stability, engine efficiency and emissions in a multi-cylinder spark-ignition internal combustion engines can be improved through the advanced control and optimization of individual cylinder operation. In this work, experimental and numerical analyses were carried out on a twin-cylinder turbocharged port fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition engine to evaluate the influence of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on performance and pollutant emissions. In a first stage, experimental tests are performed on the engine at different speed/load points and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates, covering operating conditions typical of Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Measurements highlighted relevant differences in combustion evolution between cylinders, mainly due to non-uniform effective in-cylinder air/fuel ratio. Experimental data are utilized to validate a one-dimensional (1D) engine model, enhanced with user-defined sub-models of turbulence, combustion, heat transfer and noxious emissions. The model shows a satisfactory accuracy in reproducing the combustion evolution in each cylinder and the temperature of exhaust gases at turbine inlet. The pollutant species (HC, CO and NOx) predicted by the model show a good agreement with the ones measured at engine exhaust. Furthermore, the impact of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on gaseous emissions is also satisfactorily reproduced. The novel contribution of present work mainly consists in the extended numerical/experimental analysis on the effects of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on performance and emissions of spark-ignition engines. The proposed numerical methodology represents a valuable tool to support the engine design and calibration, with the aim to improve both performance and emissions.

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