scholarly journals Environmental Assessment and Regulatory Aspects of Cold Ironing Planning for a Maritime Route in the Adriatic Sea

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5836
Author(s):  
Tobia Piccoli ◽  
Matteo Fermeglia ◽  
Daniele Bosich ◽  
Paolo Bevilacqua ◽  
Giorgio Sulligoi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Model Design ◽  
Emission Trading System ◽  
Trading System ◽  
The Eu

The technology of cold ironing (or shore-to-ship power) can meaningfully reduce greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions from ships at the berth by powering the vessels from the electrical shore grid. While cold ironing constitutes an effective and affordable solution in northern Europe and America, economic, legal, and environmental factors still render this technology less attractive in southern Europe. This paper aims to unpack and analyze the economic, regulatory, and environmental factors that can foster cold ironing as a standard installation in the Mediterranean Sea. Based on a model design for the port of Trieste (Italy) as applied to a cluster of target ports in the Adriatic Sea (in Italy, Croatia, and Greece), this article evaluates the cold ironing payback period by comparing costs of shore side-plants with environmental externalities and O&M costs. Moreover, the paper addresses key regulatory bottlenecks arising in different European jurisdictions with regard to the setting-up and development of cold ironing, while appraising the legal and economic consequences of deploying cold ironing in light of the future inclusion of the maritime sector in the EU Emission Trading System.

scholarly journals The EU ETS and Aviation: Evaluating the Effectiveness of the EU Emission Trading System in Reducing Emissions from Air Travel

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-120
Author(s):  
A. M. Heiaas
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Emission Trading System ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Eu

Over the past 30 years, the aviation industry has seen record-breaking growth whilst enjoying exemptions from most taxes and VAT charges. Currently, the aviation sector is considered one of the fastest-growing greenhouse gas emissions sources. Attempting to reduce these emissions in a cost-effective manner, the EU decided in 2012 to include all flights entering and leaving the EU in their Emission Trading System (EU ETS). It was quickly changed to only include travel within the EU. Nevertheless, as the largest cap-and-trade system in the world, the purpose of the EU ETS is to control the growth of emissions by issuing pollution permit rights. The idea is that by setting an emission ceiling and allowing trade between sectors, emission abatement will happen where it is cheapest and easiest to do. This paper explores whether the EU ETS succeeded in reducing the aviation sector emissions over the period 2012–2018 by employing a General Synthetic Control model to estimate a counterfactual scenario. When using jet fuel consumption as a proxy for emissions, the results indicate that on average the EU ETS led to a 10 per cent increase in jet fuel consumption relative to a scenario where it was not implemented. However, the paper fails to conclude a causal relationship between EU ETS and jet fuel consumption due to drawbacks with the data. Nevertheless, it provides a starting point for future ex-post research concerned with aviation and carbon pricing in the European market.

scholarly journals Rules vs. Discretion in Cap-and-Trade Programs: Evidence from the EU Emission Trading System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Friedrich ◽  
Sébastien Fries ◽  
Michael Pahle ◽  
Ottmar Edenhofer
Keyword(s):  
Emission Trading ◽  
Cap And Trade ◽  
Emission Trading System ◽  
Trading System ◽  
The Eu

scholarly journals The Evolution of the Emission Trading System in the EU and Italy in the 2030 Climate and Energy Framework. Brief Notes on Climate Change Litigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Emissions Trading ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Eu Ets ◽  
Emission Trading System ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Polluter Pays Principle ◽  
Combat Climate Change ◽  
Eu Emissions Trading System ◽  
The Eu

The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is an important tool of the EU’s strategy to combat climate change, as it aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, according to the “polluter pays” principle. The EU ETS is more effective than environment taxation that has had little application, as it is difficult to determine the amount of tax and how it should be applied to companies and consumers [1].

scholarly journals Smart hedging against carbon leakage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Böhringer ◽  
Knut Einar Rosendahl ◽  
Halvor Storrøsten
Keyword(s):  
Computable General Equilibrium ◽  
Emission Trading ◽  
Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Carbon Leakage ◽  
Consumption Tax ◽  
Emission Trading System ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Subsidy Rate ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Policy makers in the EU and elsewhere are concerned that unilateral pricing of the carbon externality induces carbon leakage through relocation of emission-intensive and trade-exposed production to other regions. A common measure to mitigate such leakage is to combine an emission trading system with output-based allocation (OBA) of allowances where the latter works as an implicit production subsidy to regulated industries. We show analytically that it is optimal to impose in addition a consumption tax on the OBA goods (i.e., goods that are entitled to OBA) at a rate which is equivalent in value to the OBA subsidy rate. The explanation is that the consumption tax alleviates excessive consumption of the OBA goods, which is a distortionary effect of introducing output-based allocation. Using a multi-region multi-sector computable general equilibrium model calibrated to empirical data, we quantify the welfare gains for the EU of imposing such a consumption tax on top of its existing emission trading system with OBA. We run Monte Carlo simulations to account for uncertain leakage exposure of goods entitled to OBA. The consumption tax increases welfare whether the goods are highly exposed to leakage or not, and hence can be regarded as smart hedging against carbon leakage.

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