scholarly journals Chlorine Release from Co-Pyrolysis of Corn Straw and Lignite in Nitrogen and Oxidative Pyrolysis

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8227
Author(s):  
Jian Cheng ◽  
Min Xie ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Xiaohan Ren

Elevated emissions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) from the combustion of biomass in utility boilers are a major issue because they can cause corrosion problems and deposit molten alkali chloride salts on boilers’ water tubes, resulting in further corrosion. Pyrolysis is a good pre-treatment for solving this problem. This work conducted pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of pulverized corn straw and lignite coal in a horizontal muffle furnace, with compositions typical of power plant combustion effluents (5% O2, 15% CO2, 80% N2) at different temperatures. Cl compounds were monitored in fuel, flue gas, and solid production of pyrolysis. The co-pyrolysis significantly affected Cl release from fuel. Cl release from corn straw into fuel gas was reduced during biomass co-pyrolysis with lignite. Co-pyrolysis had little influence on the release of organic Cl and KCl. Furthermore, at moderate-temperature pyrolysis, O2 promoted HCl release, when compared with pyrolysis under a N2 atmosphere.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Tkaczewska ◽  
Maciej Wielgosz ◽  
Piotr Kulawik ◽  
Marzena Zajac

The influence of drying temperature on the characteristics and gel properties of gelatine from Cyprinus carpio L. skin was studied. Gelatine was extracted from the carp skin using NaOH and ethanol pre-treatment method, extracted in water in 45°C and then dried in 4 different temperatures: 50, 70, 80°C and freeze-dried. The  electrophoresis and functional properties of gelatines were investigated. Freeze drying allowed to obtain a high gelling force, and all other methods did not give satisfactory results. The proteins in gelatines dried at higher temperatures separated by electrophoresis gave severely blurred bands. It may be explained by thermal hydrolysis of collagen fibrils. Freeze drying is the only effective method for drying this product, which can be used in industry.


2013 ◽  
Vol 559 ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Borisova ◽  
Skaidrīte Reihmane

Successful results of textile materials finishing process in order to gain desired properties to the fabric according to customers’ demands mainly depend on properly-carried pre-treatment stages. The present study covers twill weave cotton/polyester fabric’s modification in alkaline medium at different temperatures and treatment durations through exhaustion (hot and cold treatment) and pad-steam process. An influence of the reduction agent addition was ascertained. Weight loss, water absorbency, vertical wicking, dye uptake, colour measurements, surface morphology and psysicomechanical characteristics were determined. Samples and recommendations of optimal alkaline treatment technologies are developed.


Author(s):  
Changqing Liu ◽  
David A. Hutt ◽  
Dezhi Li ◽  
Paul P. Conway

This paper aims to gain an insight into the correlation between the microstructure and surface composition of electroless Ni-P and its behaviour during soldering with Pb free alloys including Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu, Sn-3.5Ag and Sn-0.7Cu. Ni-P coatings with different P contents were produced through an industrial process on copper metal substrates. The surface morphology of these coatings was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the bulk composition was analyzed by means of Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated by nano-indentation testing under different maximum loads. However, to understand the behaviour of P in Ni-P coatings and deterioration of the coating surfaces during exposure to air, the surfaces of the coatings were also characterised by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) for storage at different temperatures. The dependence of the solderability of Ni-P coatings on the storage time and temperature was investigated by wetting balance testing, using an inactive or active flux with or without an inert N2 atmosphere. Finally, the solderability of Ni-P coatings to Pb free solders is correlated with their composition and microstructure (e.g. surface characteristics).


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Jian Gu ◽  
Sea-Hoon Lee ◽  
Daejong Kim ◽  
Hee-Soo Lee ◽  
Jun-Seop Kim

Improvement of the thermal stability of continuous SiC fiber reinforced SiC ceramic matrix composites (SiCf/SiC CMC) by the pre-treatment of SiC fillers and the suppression of oxidation during polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP) process were investigated. Dense SiCf/SiC CMCs were fabricated using the slurry infiltration and PIP process under a purified argon atmosphere. Structure and mechanical properties of the SiCf/SiC CMC heated at different temperatures were evaluated. The flexural strength of the SiCf/SiC CMC decreased only 15.3%after heating at 1400 ?C, which exhibited a clear improvement compared with the literature data (49.5% loss), where severe thermal deterioration of SiCf/SiC composite occurred at high temperatures by the crystallization and decomposition of the precursor-derived ceramic matrix. The thermal stability of the SiCf/SiC CMC fabricated by PIP process was improved by the pre-treatment of SiC fillers for removing oxides and the strict atmosphere control to prevent oxidation.


1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 1307-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Fisher ◽  
R. I. C. Hansell

AbstractKelthane MF showed a positive temperature coefficient of toxicity to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius. An increase of about 1.2% mortality occurred for each degree rise in the range from 50-90°F. Pre-treatment of adult, female mites at three different temperatures for three days caused no significant difference in mortality at 74°F. Acaricidal potency of Kelthane MF on peach leaves declined rapidly both indoors and outdoors for the first two days. Thereafter the potency decreased at about the same rate outside, but much slower in the laboratory. Deposits on peach leaves repelled mites strongly for two days, but weakened rapidly over the next six days. Mites entered treated leaf areas after the acaricidal potency had dropped low, and so a larger than expected number of susceptible mites may have survived.


Author(s):  
Ahiley Pekov ◽  
◽  
Nikolai Bachev ◽  
Alena Shilova ◽  
Oleg Matyunin ◽  
...  

One main characteristic of the gas turbine unit (GTU) burner is its fuel combustion completeness, which affects directly the efficiency of the power plant along with CO and unburnt hydrocarbons CnHm emissions. The aim of this work was the research on the application of the fuel heating-up as an alternative method for increasing the fuel combustion completeness and controlling the emission of harmful agents. This goal is achieved by obtaining experimental data on the emissions of CO and NOx at different temperatures of the fuel gas supply to the combustion chamber. The most significant result of the work is the experimentally confirmed possibility of increasing the combustion efficiency (decreasing CO) by heating the fuel gas while maintaining constant gas-dynamic characteristics of the chamber. The significance of the results obtained consists in the experimental confirmation of the combustion quality control only by heating the fuel gas without changing the operating and design characteristics of the combustion chamber. The fuel combustion low completeness can cause the burner unstable operation in the form of the unsteady pre-blowout burning combined with the pressure oscillations in the burner. At present, methods for ensuring the increase in stability and completeness of the fuel combustion are related to the air rate and temperature changes at the inlet. However, the use of these methods can be unwanted because of their causing the decrease in the coefficient of efficiency and in the resource of the ‘hot part’ of the gas-turbine facility.


Author(s):  
Ashwani K. Gupta ◽  
Eugene L. Keating

Abstract Equilibrium thermochemical calculations of polystyrene are presented here under conditions of pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis. Oxidative pyrolysis is examined using both air and oxygen for varying moisture content in the polystyrene. The pyrolysis of polystyrene at different temperatures prior to its oxidative pyrolysis provided significantly different results. Product gas volume and flame temperature is significantly affected by the pyrolysis temperature, nature and amount of the oxidant and the amount of moisture in the waste. Results reveal significant effect of controlled combustion on the amount and nature of the chemical species formed. The results also reveal that advanced combustion process can significantly reduce the extent of post processing of gases required, and hence the size of the equipment, for achieving environmentally acceptable thermal destruction system of the solid wastes.


2018 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 00030
Author(s):  
Gracjana Woźniak ◽  
Rafał Longwic ◽  
Kamil Szydło ◽  
Adam Kryłowicz ◽  
Jarosław Kryłowicz ◽  
...  

The results of the research on the process of gasification of coal mixture in a closed system was evaluated in this article. The method presented includes oxygen-free gasification of coal at high pressure and its thermal degradation. Hydrogen is a gasifying factor. Gas containing, among others, methane, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen is obtained as a result of reaction. Fossil coal as a chemical and energetic raw material is very significant in the process of demand for energy. Due to more and more difficult access to petroleum and natural gas, as well as growing prices, fossil fuels are becoming economically attractive. However, the works on more effective and environmentally friendly methods of energetic use of coal - including its gassing - should be continued. The use of hydrogen during coal gasification allows to get emission-free fuel gas, having better energetic properties than primal raw material.The laboratory site was built and consisted of: 4,5dm3 reactor with a heating system, system of supply reactor with hydrogen and rinsing with argon and cooling system. The results of hydrogasification of coal with specific parameters, for selected time intervals were presented in this article. The efficiency of hydrogasification depending on the type of applied coal was assessed. Powdered charcoal, meeting the norm of German Committee for Standardization DIN EN1860 2 with a number 3H020, hard coal and lignite coal, as well as their mixtures were applied during the research.


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