scholarly journals New Ways for the Advanced Quality Control of Liquefied Natural Gas

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 359
Author(s):  
Borja Ferreiro ◽  
Jose Andrade ◽  
Carlota Paz-Quintáns ◽  
Purificación López-Mahía ◽  
Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo

Currently, gas chromatography is the most common analytical technique for natural gas (NG) analysis as it offers very precise results, with very low limits of detection and quantification. However, it has several drawbacks, such as low turnaround times and high cost per analysis, as well as difficulties for on-line implementation. With NG applications rising, mostly thanks to its reduced gaseous emissions in comparison with other fossil fuels, the necessity for more versatile, fast, and economic analytical methods has augmented. This work summarizes the latest advances to determine the composition and physico-chemical properties of regasified liquid natural gas, focusing on infrared spectroscopy-based techniques, as well as on data processing (chemometric techniques), necessary to obtain adequate predictions of NG properties.

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2676-2681
Author(s):  
Mihaela Gabriela Dumitru ◽  
Dragos Tutunea

The purpose of this work was to investigate the physicochemical properties of watermelon seeds and oil and to find out if this oil is suitable and compatible with diesel engines. The results showed that the watermelon seeds had the maximum length (9.08 mm), width (5.71mm), thickness (2.0 mm), arithmetic mean diameter (5.59 mm), geometrical mean diameter (4.69 mm), sphericity (51.6%), surface area (69.07), volume 0.17 cm3 and moisture content 5.4%. The oil was liquid at room temperature, with a density and refractive index of 0.945 and 1.4731 respectively acidity value (1.9 mgNaOH/g), free fatty acid (0.95 mgNaOH), iodine value (120 mgI2/100g), saponification value (180 mgKOH/g), antiradical activity (46%), peroxide value (7.5 mEqO2/Kg), induction period (6.2 h), fatty acid: palmitic acid (13.1%), stearic acid (9.5 %), oleic acid (15.2 %) and linoleic acid (61.3%). Straight non food vegetable oils can offer a solution to fossil fuels by a cleaner burning with minimal adaptation of the engine. A single cylinder air cooled diesel engine Ruggerini RY 50 was used to measure emissions of various blends of watermelon oil (WO) and diesel fuel (WO10D90, WO20D80, WO30D70 and WO75D25). The physic-chemical properties of the oil influence the combustion process and emissions leading to the reduction of NOX and the increase in CO, CO2 and HC.


Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Amin Abd Majid ◽  
Hamdan Haji Ya ◽  
Othman Mamat ◽  
Shuhaimi Mahadzir

In order to cater for increased demand for natural gas (NG) by the industry, Malaysia is required to import liquid natural gas (LNG). This is done through PETRONAS GAS Sdn Bhd. For LNG regasification, two regasification terminals have been set up, one in Sungai Udang Melaka (RGTSU) and another at Pengerang Johor (RGTPJ). RGTSU started operation in 2013 while RGTPJ began operation in 2017. The capacities of RGTSU and RGTPJ are 3.8 (500 mmscfd) and 3.5 (490 mmscfd) MTPA, respectively. RGTSU is an offshore plant and uses an intermediate-fluid-vaporization (IFV) process for regasification. RGTPJ is an onshore plant and employs open-rack vaporization (ORV). It is known that a substantial amount of cold energy is released during the regasification process. However, neither plant captures the cold energy released during regasification. This techno economic study serves to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of the cold energy available during regasification. It was estimated that approximately 47,214 and 88,383 kWh of cold energy could be generated daily at RGTPJ and RGTSU, respectively, during regasification processes. Converting this energy into RTh at 70% thermal efficiency, and taking the commercial rate of 0.549 Sen per RTh, for the 20-year project life, an internal rate of return (IRR) of up to 33% and 17% was estimated for RGTPJ and for RGTSU, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinbin Lu ◽  
Chenwei Liang

In the filling and transportation processes of liquefied natural gas (LNG), the safety of LNG storage tanks is compromised because of rollover phenomenon. As such, the rollover factors of LNG in a storage tank should be identified to prevent or weaken the rollover intensity of LNG. In this study, the rollover behavior of LNG in a storage tank is numerically simulated. The density of the two layers in a LNG storage tank is related to temperature in our numerical model. It is found that the greater the significant initial density difference (range of 1-12 kg·m-3) is, the more obvious the LNG rollover will be. A density difference of 7.5 kg·m-3 is found as the critical density difference in the present work. When the initial density difference exceeds the critical density difference, the LNG rollover coefficients increase dramatically. Moreover, an LNG rollover model with two daughter models is proposed, which are divided by the critical initial density difference, i.e., a cubic relationship between rollover coefficients and the initial density difference when the density difference is less than 7.5 kg·m-3 and secondly, a linear relationship between the rollover coefficient and the double exponential functions when the density difference is larger than 7.5 kg·m-3.


2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Ivan Smajla ◽  
Romana Crneković ◽  
Daria Karasalihović Sedlar ◽  
Filip Božić

This paper analyzes the possible role of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the region in reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by replacing a certain part of solid fossil fuels. Increasing natural gas consumption, declining North Sea natural gas reserves and increased natural gas production costs in Europe combined have created new opportunities for LNG in Europe. The Energy Strategy of Croatia is focused on intensifying the transit position for natural gas that could establish Croatia as a primary LNG market for countries from the region, which shows that the Energy Strategy supports LNG. Concerning LNG’s introduction into the regional gas market, this paper analyses the possibility of establishing a regional gas hub. The region in this paper includes the following countries: Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, and North Macedonia. On the other hand, the observed markets are not organized and sufficiently liquid, which is a crucial precondition for hub establishment. In order to decrease the region’s dependence on pipeline natural gas, it is necessary to construct gas interconnections between Croatia – Serbia, Croatia – Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia – North Macedonia. With the mentioned interconnections, the region could achieve greater security of natural gas supply. This paper discusses the possibility of utilizing the full capacity of a LNG terminal as a source of natural gas supply for the purpose of replacing solid fossil fuels in the region’s primary energy consumption. By replacing solid fossil fuels with natural gas, it is possible to achieve significant savings on CO2 emissions, which contributes towards a green and sustainable future.


2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422110562
Author(s):  
Greg Stelmach ◽  
Hilary Boudet

The drastic increase in domestic production of natural gas due to the fracking boom prompted efforts to develop a robust infrastructure in the U.S. to export natural gas. Given environmental concerns over increased fossil fuel development, significant opposition mobilized to “keep it [fossil fuels] in the ground” by acting to prevent not only natural gas production but also its transportation via pipelines and shipping via export terminals. Our analysis focuses on the latter component, specifically examining the long history of proposed liquefied natural gas infrastructure in two coastal communities in Oregon. Members of the public engaged in the formal siting processes and mobilized both opposition and support. We examine their use of collective action frames in both comments at public hearings and letters to the editor in local newspapers ( N = 4618) over the 16 years that these proposals were under consideration, quantifying the dynamic nature of framing using computational text analysis. We find that both groups vary their use of framing over time and by venue, reacting to exogenous events (e.g., September 11th, Fukushima) and tailor their messages to the context (e.g., an in-person hearing or a letter to the editor). Opponents concentrated on potential threats, initially emphasizing local impacts like tanker and pipeline safety but eventually focusing on climate concerns. Supporters, meanwhile, stressed the economic benefits of the projects but alternated their specific framing based on venue—focusing on employment when talking to regulatory agencies and community economic benefits in letters. While this juxtaposition of economic benefits and environmental threats was a key part of public discourse, opponents also expanded their framing to questions of local sovereignty and governance, allowing a broader coalition to develop and ultimately succeeding in defeating the proposals.


Author(s):  
John Olusoji Owolabi ◽  
Olatokunbo Olatunbosun Kila ◽  
Abdulwahab Giwa

The global use of natural gas is growing quickly, and this is attributed primarily to its environmental advantage over fossil fuels such as crude oil and coal. This natural gas is usually flared in refineries because extra charges would be incurred in collecting and processing it. A country flares about 800 million standard cubic feet (Mmscf) of gas per day, from approximately 144 gas flare points across the nation, losing a huge amount of money per annum. A liquefied natural gas plant has converted about 5.58 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of associated gas to exports as liquefied natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs), thus helping to reduce gas flaring from upstream companies. Natural gas liquids (NGLs) are major contributors to this economic benefit through petrochemical feedstock for industrial purposes, fuel for residential, commercial and agricultural applications, in addition to using other products as propellant, refrigerant and gasoline blending. To contribute to the technology of natural gas liquid system, in this work, a fractionation system has been modelled and simulated using Aspen HYSYS to determine the status of processes involved and the compositions of the NGLs. The results obtained revealed that each of methane, ethane, propane, iso-butane and n-butane could be successfully separated with high purity from natural gas feed stream. Also, it was observed from the validation carried out on the developed model of the system, which was ascertained by its operations that were in line with the theoretical principles of separation involved in the plant, that it can be used for further analyses of the system.


Author(s):  
Niraj Vyas ◽  
Mohammad Yaseen Khan ◽  
Siddharth Panchal ◽  
Amee Butani ◽  
Vimal Kumar

Supercritical fluid technology is a process using a supercritical fluid as a solvent. When a fluid is taken above its critical temperature (Tc) and critical pressure (Pc), it exists in a condition called the supercritical fluid state. The physico-chemical properties of a fluid in the supercritical state are in between those of a typical gas and liquid. Due to increasingly stringent environmental regulations, supercritical fluid technology (SFT) has gained wide acceptance in recent years as an alternative to conventional solvent extraction for herbal compounds as well as in many analytical and industrial processes. This article presents the practical aspects of SFT applications in selection of modifiers, on-line offline coupling techniques. SFT can also be used to clean up pesticides from herbal medicines. Carbon dioxide is most commonly used Supercritical Fluid (SF) as it is safe, inexpensive, non-toxic, non-inflammable and inert to most of the materials as well as its solvating strength is adjusted by modifier (methanol). SFT processes can be modeled to acquire useful information for better understanding of the extraction, mechanisms and optimization of the extraction procedures. In recent years, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) has emerged as a highly promising technology for production of herbal medicines and nutraceuticals with high potency of active ingredients.


Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 855
Author(s):  
Magdalena Mosinska ◽  
Natalia Stepinska ◽  
Karolina Chalupka ◽  
Waldemar Maniukiewicz ◽  
Malgorzata I. Szynkowska ◽  
...  

This work presents, for the first time, the catalytic studies of bimetallic Ag-Ni catalysts in the oxy-steam reforming (OSR) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to hydrogen generation. The physicochemical properties of monometallic Ni and bimetallic catalysts were investigated using various techniques, such as: BET, TPR-H2, TPD-NH3, XRD, TG and SEM-EDS. The catalytic studies showed that the promotion of 20% Ni/ZrO2 catalyst by silver (by 1 or 2 wt.%) improves the efficiency of the produced hydrogen in the oxy-steam reforming of LNG at high temperature. The promotional effect of silver on the reducibility of a Ni/ZrO2 catalyst has been proven. The interactions between Ag and Ni have been proven, and explain the catalytic activity of the catalysts in the investigated processes. TG-DTA-MS results obtained for the spent catalysts proved that the small addition of silver to monometallic nickel catalyst reduces the amount of the carbon deposit formed on the catalyst surface during the oxy-steam reforming of LNG process. Obtained results in this work confirmed that liquid natural gas processing may become an alternative to fossil fuels and confirmed the validity of the hydrogen production via oxy-steam reforming of LNG.


Author(s):  
Wahyuddin Wahyuddin

LNG (Liquid Natural Gas) is a liquefied natural gas, with composition of 87% - 96% methane, 1,8-5,1% ethan, 0,1-5,1% propane and other compounds. The composition of natural gas (LNG formation) varies depending on the source and the process of its formation. Methane gas in LNG has odorless, non-corrosive and non-toxic properties (Air Products, 1999). LNG is basically an alternative method to deliver gas from producer to consumer. When cooled to -162˚C at 1 atm pressure, natural gas becomes liquid and its volume decreases up to 600 times (Handbook of Liquefied Natural Gas, 2014). With such a large volume reduction, liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be transported through the Tanker Ship and the ISO Tank Truck. PT Badak NGL has 3 (Three) T.U.K.S (Terminal For Ownership) As Tanker Ship Facilities and 1 (One) LNG Filling Station as a means of filling LNG to ISO Tank. Development of business process of PT. Badak NGL leads to an increase in LNG filling Station capacity. Along with the plan to increase the filling station capacity, the problem of BOG (Blow of Gas) wastage along with some LNG to ground flare becomes a serious concern. When the number of fillling stations is only 1 (one) station, the BOG wasted condition is not significant. However, with plans to increase the number of filling stations, BOG wasted need to be considered to be fully utilized. Therefore, there is a thought to utilize BOG to become more economic value, through the design of blowdown line on LNG ISO Tank filling station. In the Design of this line Blowdown, Using Pipe Ø2 "(PIPE BE 40S SS A312-TP305 SMLS) interconnecting with Pipe Ø6" (PIPE BE 40S SS A312-TP305 SMLS) BOG Header of new Filling Station under construction (Beginning January 2018 ).


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