scholarly journals Leaf and Crown Optical Properties of Five Early-, Mid- and Late-Successional Temperate Tree Species and Their Relation to Sapling Light Demand

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Hagemeier ◽  
Christoph Leuschner
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Minimum Light ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Successional Species ◽  
Shade Leaves

The optical properties of leaves and canopies determine the availability of radiation for photosynthesis and the penetration of light through tree canopies. How leaf absorptance, reflectance and transmittance and radiation transmission through tree canopies change with forest succession is not well understood. We measured the leaf optical properties in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) range of five Central European early-, mid- and late-successional temperate broadleaf tree species and studied the minimum light demand of the lowermost shade leaves and of the species’ offspring. Leaf absorptance in the 350–720 nm range varied between c. 70% and 77% in the crown of all five species with only a minor variation from the sun to the shade crown and between species. However, specific absorptance (absorptance normalized by mass per leaf area) increased about threefold from sun to shade leaves with decreasing leaf mass area (LMA) in the late-successional species (Carpinus betulus L., Tilia cordata Mill., Fagus sylvatica L.), while it was generally lower in the early- to mid-successional species (Betula pendula Roth, Quercus petraea (Matt.)Liebl.), where it changed only a little from sun to shade crown. Due to a significant increase in leaf area index, canopy PAR transmittance to the forest floor decreased from early- to late-successional species from ~15% to 1%–3% of incident PAR, linked to a decrease in the minimum light demand of the lowermost shade leaves (from ~20 to 1%–2%) and of the species’ saplings (from ~20 to 3%–4%). The median light intensity on the forest floor under a closed canopy was in all species lower than the saplings’ minimum light demand. We conclude that the optical properties of the sun leaves are very similar among early-, mid- and late-successional tree species, while the shade leaves of these groups differ not only morphologically, but also in terms of the resource investment needed to achieve high PAR absorptance.

scholarly journals Intra-specific variation in leaf attributes of four savanna tree species across a rainfall gradient in tropical Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 323 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. D. Prior ◽  
D. M. J. S. Bowman ◽  
D. Eamus
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Rainfall Gradient ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Australian Monsoon ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Tropical Australia ◽  
Leaf Density

Leaf attributes of four savanna tree species were measured along a rainfall gradient (1650–950 mm per annum) in the Australian monsoon tropics. As the mean annual rainfall decreased, leaf thickness increased for three of these four species. However, a corresponding decrease in leaf density for two species meant that leaf mass per area increased significantly only for one species. Physiological measurements were made during both the wet and dry seasons on comparable stands of vegetation near the extremes and middle of this gradient. Assimilation per unit mass was similar at all three sites but assimilation per leaf area was higher at the drier sites because leaves were thicker with higher mass per area. These results probably reflect reduced tree density and leaf area index at the drier sites, which offsets the lower rainfall, potentially allowing similar rates of assimilation per unit carbohydrate invested in leaves.

Sun and shade leaves: clues to how salal (Gaultheriashallon) responds to overstory stand density

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sun And Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Shade Leaves ◽  
Sun Leaves

Salal (Gaultheriashallon Pursh) leaf biomass, leaf area index, specific leaf area, and leaf morphology were examined in 13 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands from 37 destructively measured 1-m2 quadrats. In response to light and stand overstory density, salal shoots produced either mainly sun leaves or mainly shade leaves. Sun leaves were associated with sunflecks in open-grown or variably stocked stands. Shade leaves were associated with diffuse light under denser stands. Sun-leaf quadrats had mean specific leaf areas less than 90 cm2/g; shade-leaf quadrats had mean specific leaf areas greater than 90 cm2/g. Sun leaves were narrower, with average leaf widths less than 5 cm. Quadrat salal leaf biomass and leaf area index peaked at Curtis' metric relative density 5.9, which corresponded to an availability of 15% of global photosynthetically active radiation. Sun-leaf quadrats occurred below relative density 5; shade-leaf quadrats occurred above relative density 4. A mixture of sun- and shade-leaf quadrats occurred between about relative density 4 and 5, depending on the uniformity of stocking.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution of Tree Species Governs the Spatio-Temporal Interaction of Leaf Area Index and Soil Moisture across a Forested Landscape

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e58704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusum J. Naithani ◽  
Doug C. Baldwin ◽  
Katie P. Gaines ◽  
Henry Lin ◽  
David M. Eissenstat
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Temporal Interaction

scholarly journals Facilitation by Tree Species in Variable Retention Harvesting for the Restoration of Monoculture Plantations in Southern China

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 194008291882483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Jiang ◽  
Yuanchang Lu ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Xianzhao Liu ◽  
Daoxiong Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Variable Retention ◽  
Variable Retention Harvesting

Facilitation can drive the successional dynamics and change the restoration trajectory of degraded forests. However, the relative importance of facilitation by tree species after variable retention harvesting is unclear. We used a field experiment to evaluate the effect of two facilitator species, Castanopsis fissa (C. fissa) and Manglietia glauca (M. glauca), managed with variable retention harvesting, on the development of two target species, Castanopsis hystrix (C. hystrix) and Erythrophloeum fordii (E. fordii), in a Masson pine ( Pinus massoniana) monoculture. The following variables were measured for all of the four interplanted tree species: structural growth, regeneration, aboveground biomass accumulation, leaf area index, and soil conditions. The results indicate that the abundance, growth, and aboveground biomass were relatively greater in plots planted with C. fissa compared with M. glauca and that the target species performed best with 50% retention harvesting of C. fissa, with an improved establishment of both target species indicating a positive interaction. In addition, the regeneration, leaf area index and soil conditions differed between the two facilitators in the variable retention harvesting treatments because of the different intrinsic characteristic of the facilitators. In summary, our results imply that managers have considerable flexibility to employ various types of facilitation schemes coupled with different harvesting systems for successful short-term restoration within a monoculture.

scholarly journals Aboveground Wood Production Is Sustained in the First Growing Season after Phloem-Disrupting Disturbance

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1306
Author(s):  
Maxim S. Grigri ◽  
Jeff W. Atkins ◽  
Christoph Vogel ◽  
Ben Bond-Lamberty ◽  
Christopher M. Gough
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Area Index ◽  
C Cycling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Successional Species

Carbon (C) cycling processes are particularly dynamic following disturbance, with initial responses often indicative of longer-term change. In northern Michigan, USA, we initiated the Forest Resilience Threshold Experiment (FoRTE) to identify the processes that sustain or lead to the decline of C cycling rates across multiple levels (0, 45, 65 and 85% targeted gross leaf area index loss) of disturbance severity and, in response, to separate disturbance types preferentially targeting large or small diameter trees. Simulating the effects of boring insects, we stem girdled > 3600 trees below diameter at breast height (DBH), immediately and permanently disrupting the phloem. Weekly DBH measurements of girdled and otherwise healthy trees (n > 700) revealed small but significant increases in daily aboveground wood net primary production (ANPPw) in the 65 and 85% disturbance severity treatments that emerged six weeks after girdling. However, we observed minimal change in end-of-season leaf area index and no significant differences in annual ANPPw among disturbance severities or between disturbance types, suggesting continued C fixation by girdled trees sustained stand-scale wood production in the first growing season after disturbance. We hypothesized higher disturbance severities would favor the growth of early successional species but observed no significant difference between early and middle to late successional species’ contributions to ANPPw across the disturbance severity gradient. We conclude that ANPPw stability immediately following phloem disruption is dependent on the continued, but inevitably temporary, growth of phloem-disrupted trees. Our findings provide insight into the tree-to-ecosystem mechanisms supporting stand-scale wood production stability in the first growing season following a phloem-disrupting disturbance.

Response of leaf area index to density for two contrasting tree species

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1760-1764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Jack ◽  
James N. Long
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Stable Leaf ◽  
The Relationship

It is commonly assumed that mature forest stands with closed canopies support constant amounts (weight or area) of foliage, independent of stand density. For stand leaf area to be constant, mean leaf area must be plastic with respect to density. We examined the relationship between density and both leaf area index and mean leaf area for two contrasting tree species, lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) and subalpine fir (Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.). In lodgepole pine, leaf area index tended to be constant over a wide range of absolute and relative densities, but in subalpine fir, leaf area index increased with density. Consistent with these results, mean leaf area of lodgepole pine was more plastic with respect to density than mean leaf area of subalpine fir. The presumption of stable leaf area index independent of stand density, therefore, may not be as general as usually assumed owing to differential responses of mean leaf area to density. Differences in plasticity between the two species were attributed to differences in relative shade tolerance and the effect of shade on competitive interactions at high densities.

scholarly journals Estimating Leaf Area Index with Dynamic Leaf Optical Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4898
Author(s):  
Hu Zhang ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Qinhuo Liu ◽  
Yadong Dong ◽  
Songze Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Leaf Optical Properties

Leaf area index (LAI) plays an important role in models of climate, hydrology, and ecosystem productivity. The physical model-based inversion method is a practical approach for large-scale LAI inversion. However, the ill-posed inversion problem, due to the limited constraint of inaccurate input parameters, is the dominant source of inversion errors. For instance, variables related to leaf optical properties are always set as constants or have large ranges, instead of the actual leaf reflectance of pixel vegetation in the current model-based inversions. This paper proposes to estimate LAI with the actual leaf optical property of pixels, calculated from the leaf chlorophyll content (Chlleaf) product, using a three-dimensional stochastic radiative transfer model (3D-RTM)-based, look-up table method. The parameter characterizing leaf optical properties in the 3D-RTM-based LAI inversion algorithm, single scattering albedo (SSA), is calculated with the Chlleaf product, instead of setting fixed values across a growing season. An algorithm to invert LAI with the dynamic SSA of the red band (SSAred) is proposed. The retrieval index (RI) increases from less than 42% to 100%, and the RMSE decreases to less than 0.28 in the simulations. The validation results show that the RMSE of the dynamic SSA decreases from 1.338 to 0.511, compared with the existing 3D-RTM-based LUT algorithm. The overestimation problem under high LAI conditions is reduced.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document