scholarly journals Integration of Forest Growth Component in the FEST-WB Distributed Hydrological Model: The Bonis Catchment Case Study

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1794
Author(s):  
Mouna Feki ◽  
Giovanni Ravazzani ◽  
Alessandro Ceppi ◽  
Gaetano Pellicone ◽  
Tommaso Caloiero
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Distributed Hydrological Model ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Forest Model ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, the FEST-FOREST model is presented. A FOREST module is written in the FORTRAN-90 programming language, and was included in the FEST-WB distributed hydrological model delivering the FEST-FOREST model. FEST-FOREST is a process-based dynamic model allowing the simulation at daily basis of gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) together with the carbon allocation of a homogeneous population of trees (same age, same species). The model was implemented based on different equations from literature, commonly used in Eco-hydrological models. This model was developed within the framework of the INNOMED project co-funded under the ERA-NET WaterWorks2015 Call of the European Commission. The aim behind the implementation of the model was to simulate in a simplified mode the forest growth under different climate change and management scenarios, together with the impact on the water balance at the catchment. On a first application of the model, the results are considered very promising when compared to field measured data.

Simulation of Mediterranean forest carbon pools under expected environmental scenarios

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 850-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chiesi ◽  
M. Moriondo ◽  
F. Maselli ◽  
L. Gardin ◽  
L. Fibbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Vegetation Carbon ◽  
The Impact

Simulating the effects of possible environmental changes on the forest carbon budget requires the use of calibrated and tested models of ecosystem processes. A recently proposed simulation approach based on the use of the BIOME-BGC model was applied to yield estimates of present carbon fluxes and pools in Tuscany forests (central Italy). After the validation of these estimates against existing ground data, the simulation approach was used to assess the impact of plausible climate changes (+2 °C and increased CO2 concentration) on forest carbon dynamics (gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), and relevant allocations). The results indicate that the temperature change tends to inhibit all production and allocation processes, which are instead enhanced by the CO2 concentration rise. The combination of the two factors leads to a general increase in both GPP and NPP that is higher for deciduous oaks and chestnut (+30% and 24% for GPP and +42% and 31% for NPP, respectively). Additionally, vegetation carbon is slightly increased, while total soil carbon remains almost unchanged with respect to the present conditions. These findings are analyzed with reference to the Tuscany forest situation and previous studies on the subject.

scholarly journals The Response of the Amazon Ecosystem to the Photosynthetically Active Radiation Fields: Integrating Impacts of Biomass Burning Aerosol and Clouds in the NASA GEOS ESM 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huisheng Bian ◽  
Eunjee Lee ◽  
Randal D. Koster ◽  
Donifan Barahona ◽  
Mian Chin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fertilizer Effect

Abstract. The Amazon experiences fires every year, and the resulting biomass burning aerosols, together with cloud particles, influence the penetration of sunlight through the atmosphere, increasing the ratio of diffuse to direct photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the vegetation canopy and thereby potentially increasing ecosystem productivity. In this study, we use the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model running with coupled aerosol, cloud, radiation, and ecosystem modules to investigate the impact of Amazon biomass burning aerosols on ecosystem productivity, as well as the role of the Amazon’s clouds in tempering the impact. The study focuses on a seven-year period (2010–2016) during which the Amazon experienced a variety of dynamic environments (e.g., La Niña, normal years, and El Niño). The radiative impacts of biomass burning aerosols on ecosystem productivity – call here the aerosol light fertilizer effect – are found to increase Amazonian Gross Primary Production (GPP) by 2.6 % via a 3.8 % increase in diffuse PAR (DFPAR) despite a 5.4 % decrease in direct PAR (DRPAR) on multiyear average. On a monthly basis, this increase in GPP can be as large as 9.9 % (occurring in August 2010). Consequently, the net primary production (NPP) in the Amazon is increased by 1.5 %, or ~92 TgCyr−1– equivalent to ~37 % of the carbon lost due to Amazon fires over the seven years considered. Clouds, however, strongly regulate the effectiveness of the aerosol light fertilizer effect. The efficiency of the fertilizer effect is highest for cloud-free conditions and linearly decreases with increasing cloud amount until the cloud fraction reaches ~0.8, at which point the aerosol-influenced light changes from being a stimulator to an inhibitor of plant growth. Nevertheless, interannual changes in the overall strength of the aerosol light fertilizer effect are primarily controlled by the large interannual changes in biomass burning aerosols rather than by changes in cloudiness during the studied period.

scholarly journals The response of the Amazon ecosystem to the photosynthetically active radiation fields: integrating impacts of biomass burning aerosol and clouds in the NASA GEOS Earth system model

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 14177-14197
Author(s):  
Huisheng Bian ◽  
Eunjee Lee ◽  
Randal D. Koster ◽  
Donifan Barahona ◽  
Mian Chin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Diffuse Radiation ◽  
Ecosystem Productivity ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Fertilization Effect ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The Amazon experiences fires every year, and the resulting biomass burning aerosols, together with cloud particles, influence the penetration of sunlight through the atmosphere, increasing the ratio of diffuse to direct photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the vegetation canopy and thereby potentially increasing ecosystem productivity. In this study, we use the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model with coupled aerosol, cloud, radiation, and ecosystem modules to investigate the impact of Amazon biomass burning aerosols on ecosystem productivity, as well as the role of the Amazon's clouds in tempering this impact. The study focuses on a 7-year period (2010–2016) during which the Amazon experienced a variety of dynamic environments (e.g., La Niña, normal years, and El Niño). The direct radiative impact of biomass burning aerosols on ecosystem productivity – called here the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization effect – is found to increase Amazonian gross primary production (GPP) by 2.6 % via a 3.8 % increase in diffuse PAR (DFPAR) despite a 5.4 % decrease in direct PAR (DRPAR) on multiyear average during burning seasons. On a monthly basis, this increase in GPP can be as large as 9.9 % (occurring in August 2010). Consequently, the net primary production (NPP) in the Amazon is increased by 1.5 %, or ∼92 Tg C yr−1 – equivalent to ∼37 % of the average carbon lost due to Amazon fires over the 7 years considered. Clouds, however, strongly regulate the effectiveness of the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization effect. The efficiency of this fertilization effect is the highest in cloud-free conditions and linearly decreases with increasing cloud amount until the cloud fraction reaches ∼0.8, at which point the aerosol-influenced light changes from being a stimulator to an inhibitor of plant growth. Nevertheless, interannual changes in the overall strength of the aerosol diffuse radiation fertilization effect are primarily controlled by the large interannual changes in biomass burning aerosols rather than by changes in cloudiness during the studied period.

scholarly journals 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) limits the impact of ibuprofen upon respiration by streambed biofilms in a sub-urban stream

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McClean ◽  
William Ross Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Urban Stream ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Contaminant Exposure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Concomitant Exposure

AbstractPharmaceutical compounds such as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen and the artificial estrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) are contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater systems. Globally, human pharmaceutical use is growing by around ∼3 % per year, yet we know little about how interactions between different pharmaceuticals may affect aquatic ecosystems. Here we test how interactions between ibuprofen and EE2 affect the growth and respiration of streambed biofilms. We used contaminant exposure experiments to quantify how these compounds affected biofilm growth (biomass), respiration, net primary production (NPP) and gross primary production (GPP), both individually and in combination. We found no effects of either ibuprofen or EE2 on biofilm biomass (using ash free dry mass as a proxy) or gross primary production. Ibuprofen significantly reduced biofilm respiration and altered NPP. Concomitant exposure to EE2, however, counteracted the inhibitory effects of ibuprofen upon biofilm respiration. Our study, thus, demonstrates that interactions between pharmaceuticals in the environment may have complex effects upon microbial contributions to aquatic ecosystem functioning.

scholarly journals Do increasing respiratory costs explain the decline with age of forest growth rate?

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. West
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Once forests have achieved a full canopy, their growth rate declines progressively with age. This work used a global data set with estimates from a wide range of forest types, aged 20‒795 years, of their annual photosynthetic production (gross primary production, GPP) and subsequent above- plus below-ground biomass production (net primary production, NPP). Both GPP and NPP increased with increasing mean annual temperature and precipitation. GPP was then unrelated to forest age whilst NPP declined progressively with increasing age. These results implied that autotrophic respiration increases with age. It has been proposed that GPP should decline in response to increasing water stress in leaves as water is raised to greater heights as trees grow taller with age. However, trees may make substantial plastic adjustment in morphology and anatomy of newly developing leaves, xylem and fine roots to compensate for this stress and maintain GPP with age. This work reviews the possibilities that NPP declines with age as respiratory costs increase progressively in, any or all of, the construction and maintenance of more complex tissues, the maintenance of increasing amounts of live tissue within the sapwood of stems and coarse roots, the conversion of sapwood to heartwood, the increasing distance of phloem transport, increased turnover rates of fine roots, cost of supporting very tall trees that are unable to compensate fully for increased water stress in their canopies or maintaining alive competitively unsuccessful small trees.

scholarly journals Desertification in Forest, Range and Desert Landuses of Tehran Province, Under the Impact of Climate Change

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Eskandari Dameneh ◽  
Moslem Borji ◽  
Hassan Khosravi ◽  
Ali Salajeghe
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
Desert Ecosystems ◽  
Tehran Province ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Persistence of widespread degradation in arid and semi-arid region of Iran necessitates using of monitoring and evaluation systems with appropriate accuracy to determine the degradation process and adoption of early warning systems; because after transition from some thresholds, effective reversible function of ecosystems will not be very easy. This paper tries to monitor the degradation and desertification trends in three land uses including range, forest and desert lands affected by climate change in Tehran province for 2000s and 2030s. For assessing climate changes of Mehrabad synoptic stations the data of two emission scenarios including A2 and B2 were used using statistical downscaling techniques and data generated by SDSM model. The index of net primary production resulting from MODIS satellite images was employed as an indicator of destruction from 2001 to 2010. The results showed that temperature is the most effective driver force which alters the net primary production in rangeland, forest and desert ecosystems of Tehran province. On the basis of monitoring findings under real conditions, in the 2000s, over 60 % of rangelands and 80 % of the forests have been below the average production in the province. On the other hand, the long-term average changes of NPP in rangeland and forests indicated the presence of relatively large areas of these land uses with production rate lower than the desert. The results also showed that, assuming the existence of circumstances of each emission scenarios, the desertification status will not improve significantly in the rangelands and forests of Tehran province.

Energy and nutrients

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
Richard T. Corlett
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
New Information ◽  
Tropical Forest Ecology ◽  
Toxic Concentrations

This chapter deals with the ecology of Tropical East Asia from the perspective of water, energy, and matter flows through ecosystems, particularly forests. Data from the network of eddy flux covariance towers is revealing general patterns in gross primary production, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem production, and exchange. There is also new information on the patterns of net primary production and biomass within the region. In contrast, our understanding of the role of soil nutrients in tropical forest ecology still relies mostly on work done in the Neotropics, with just enough data from Asia to suggest that the major patterns may be pantropical. Nitrogen and phosphorus have received most attention regionally, followed by calcium, potassium, and magnesium, and there has been very little study of the role of micronutrients and potentially toxic concentrations of aluminium, manganese, and hydrogen ions. Animal nutrition has also been neglected.

scholarly journals How drought severity constrains gross primary production(GPP) and its partitioning among carbon pools in a <i>Quercus ilex</i> coppice?

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6855-6869 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rambal ◽  
M. Lempereur ◽  
J. M. Limousin ◽  
N. K. Martin-StPaul ◽  
J. M. Ourcival ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Quercus Ilex ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystem

Abstract. The partitioning of photosynthates toward biomass compartments plays a crucial role in the carbon (C) sink function of forests. Few studies have examined how carbon is allocated toward plant compartments in drought-prone forests. We analyzed the fate of gross primary production (GPP) in relation to yearly water deficit in an old evergreen Mediterranean Quercus ilex coppice severely affected by water limitations. Carbon fluxes between the ecosystem and the atmosphere were measured with an eddy covariance flux tower running continuously since 2001. Discrete measurements of litterfall, stem growth and fAPAR allowed us to derive annual productions of leaves, wood, flowers and acorns, and an isometric relationship between stem and belowground biomass has been used to estimate perennial belowground growth. By combining eddy covariance fluxes with annual net primary productions (NPP), we managed to close a C budget and derive values of autotrophic, heterotrophic respirations and carbon-use efficiency (CUE; the ratio between NPP and GPP). Average values of yearly net ecosystem production (NEP), GPP and Reco were 282, 1259 and 977 g C m−2. The corresponding aboveground net primary production (ANPP) components were 142.5, 26.4 and 69.6 g C m−2 for leaves, reproductive effort (flowers and fruits) and stems, respectively. NEP, GPP and Reco were affected by annual water deficit. Partitioning to the different plant compartments was also impacted by drought, with a hierarchy of responses going from the most affected – the stem growth – to the least affected – the leaf production. The average CUE was 0.40, which is well in the range for Mediterranean-type forest ecosystems. CUE tended to decrease less drastically in response to drought than GPP and NPP did, probably due to drought acclimation of autotrophic respiration. Overall, our results provide a baseline for modeling the inter-annual variations of carbon fluxes and allocation in this widespread Mediterranean ecosystem, and they highlight the value of maintaining continuous experimental measurements over the long term.

scholarly journals Changes in surface hydrology, soil moisture and gross primary production in the Amazon during the 2015/2016 El Niño

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1760) ◽  
pp. 20180084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik van Schaik ◽  
Lars Killaars ◽  
Naomi E. Smith ◽  
Gerbrand Koren ◽  
L. P. H. van Beek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Surface Hydrology ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Impact

The 2015/2016 El Niño event caused severe changes in precipitation across the tropics. This impacted surface hydrology, such as river run-off and soil moisture availability, thereby triggering reductions in gross primary production (GPP). Many biosphere models lack the detailed hydrological component required to accurately quantify anomalies in surface hydrology and GPP during droughts in tropical regions. Here, we take the novel approach of coupling the biosphere model SiBCASA with the advanced hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB to attempt such a quantification across the Amazon basin during the drought in 2015/2016. We calculate 30–40% reduced river discharge in the Amazon starting in October 2015, lagging behind the precipitation anomaly by approximately one month and in good agreement with river gauge observations. Soil moisture shows distinctly asymmetrical spatial anomalies with large reductions across the north-eastern part of the basin, which persisted into the following dry season. This added to drought stress in vegetation, already present owing to vapour pressure deficits at the leaf, resulting in a loss of GPP of 0.95 (0.69 to 1.20) PgC between October 2015 and March 2016 compared with the 2007–2014 average. Only 11% (10–12%) of the reduction in GPP was found in the (wetter) north-western part of the basin, whereas the north-eastern and southern regions were affected more strongly, with 56% (54–56%) and 33% (31–33%) of the total, respectively. Uncertainty on this anomaly mostly reflects the unknown rooting depths of vegetation. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’.

scholarly journals Carbon Balance in Salt Marsh and Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Alongi
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Coastal Ocean ◽  
Microbial Decomposition

Mangroves and salt marshes are among the most productive ecosystems in the global coastal ocean. Mangroves store more carbon (739 Mg CORG ha−1) than salt marshes (334 Mg CORG ha−1), but the latter sequester proportionally more (24%) net primary production (NPP) than mangroves (12%). Mangroves exhibit greater rates of gross primary production (GPP), aboveground net primary production (AGNPP) and plant respiration (RC), with higher PGPP/RC ratios, but salt marshes exhibit greater rates of below-ground NPP (BGNPP). Mangroves have greater rates of subsurface DIC production and, unlike salt marshes, exhibit active microbial decomposition to a soil depth of 1 m. Salt marshes release more CH4 from soil and creek waters and export more dissolved CH4, but mangroves release more CO2 from tidal waters and export greater amounts of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), to adjacent waters. Both ecosystems contribute only a small proportion of GPP, RE (ecosystem respiration) and NEP (net ecosystem production) to the global coastal ocean due to their small global area, but contribute 72% of air–sea CO2 exchange of the world’s wetlands and estuaries and contribute 34% of DIC export and 17% of DOC + POC export to the world’s coastal ocean. Thus, both wetland ecosystems contribute disproportionately to carbon flow of the global coastal ocean.

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