scholarly journals Direct Phenological Responses but Later Growth Stimulation upon Spring and Summer/Autumn Warming of Prunus spinosa L. in a Common Garden Environment

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge ◽  
Jessa May Malanguis ◽  
Stefaan Moreels ◽  
Arion Turcsán ◽  
Nele Van der Schueren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Growth Stimulation ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Spring Warming ◽  
Prunus Spinosa

Future predictions of forest ecosystem responses are a challenge, as global temperatures will further rise in the coming decades at an unprecedented rate. The effect of elevated temperature on growth performance and phenology of three Prunus spinosa L. provenances (originating from Belgium, Spain, and Sweden) in a common garden environment was investigated. One-year-old seedlings were grown in greenhouse conditions and exposed to ambient and elevated temperatures in the spring (on average 5.6 °C difference) and in the late summer/autumn of 2018 (on average 1.9 °C difference), while they were kept hydrated, in a factorial design. In the following years, all plants experienced the same growing conditions. Bud burst, leaf senescence, height, and diameter growth were recorded. Height and radial growth were not affected in the year of the treatments (2018) but were enhanced the year after (2019), whereas phenological responses depended on the temperature treatments in the year of the treatments (2018) with little carry-over effects in the succeeding years. Spring warming enhanced more height growth in the succeeding year, whereas summer/autumn warming stimulated more radial growth. Spring warming advanced bud burst and shortened the leaf opening process whereas summer/autumn warming delayed leaf senescence and enlarged the duration of this phenophase. These results can help predict the putative shifts in species composition of future forests and woody landscape elements.

scholarly journals Differentiation and Non-Linear Responses in Temporal Phenotypic Plasticity of Seasonal Phenophases in a Common Garden of Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge ◽  
Astrid Janssens
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Lower Latitude ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Crataegus Monogyna ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Non Local

Phenology in perennial plants implies the temporal occurrence of biological events throughout the year. Heritable phenotypic plasticity in the timing of the phenophases can be of importance in the adaptation of woody species to a quickly changing environment. We observed the timing of bud burst, flower opening, leaf senescence and leaf fall in two successive years in a common garden of Crataegus monogyna Jacq. in Belgium, consisting of six local and five non-local provenances. Data were processed with cumulative logistic mixed models. Strong auto-correlation was present among the spring phenophases as well as among the autumnal phenophases, with spring phenophases being negatively correlated with fall phenophases. The strongest between-provenance differentiation was found for the timing of bud burst in spring, followed by flower opening and finally by leaf senescence and leaf fall. Warmer spring temperatures in March 2017 advanced the timing of bud burst, and to a lesser extent of flower opening, in all provenances compared to 2016. However, the advancement was non-linear among the provenances, with the lower latitude provenances being relatively less early and the higher elevation provenances being more late than the local provenances in this year. It can be hypothesized that non-local provenances display larger temporal phenotypic plastic responses in the timing of their spring phenophases compared to local provenances when temperatures in the common garden deviate more from their home-sites.

scholarly journals Counter-Intuitive Response to Water Limitation in a Southern European Provenance of Frangula alnus Mill. in a Common Garden Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1186
Author(s):  
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge ◽  
Lise De Clerck ◽  
Nele Van der Schueren ◽  
Stefaan Moreels ◽  
Amy Lauwers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
Water Limitation ◽  
Frangula Alnus

Climate change will intensify drought periods during the growing season in Western Europe. We mimicked this prediction by withholding water in summer from young rooted cuttings of Frangula alnus Mill., a common shrub species, originating from different latitudes in Europe (Italy, Belgium and Sweden) and growing in a common garden environment in Belgium. We followed the responses to the drought up to two years after the treatment. Counter-intuitively, the Italian provenance displayed earlier symptoms and stronger effects of water limitation than the other two provenances. A putative higher transpiration in this provenance could be suggested based on a relative larger shoot growth, larger leaves and a higher stomatal density. After the post-drought re-watering, the droughted plants of the Italian provenance entered leaf senescence later than the control plants, likely as a compensation mechanism for the lost growing time. Bud burst in the first year after the drought treatment and leaf senescence in the next autumn were both advanced in the drought treated group when compared with the control plants. Bud burst in the second year after the drought treatment did not display any differentiation anymore between control and drought treated plants. Growth traits also displayed legacies of the water limitation. For example, the drought treated plants showed a lower number of reshoots upon pruning in the year after the drought treatment. Our results suggest that assisted migration from southern Europe to western Europe as a climate change adaptation strategy might not always follow the expected patterns.

Genetic variation in fall cold hardiness in coastal Douglas-fir in western Oregon and Washington

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 1110-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bradley St. Clair
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Population Differences ◽  
Bud Set

Genetic variation in fall cold damage in coastal Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii ) was measured by exposing excised branches of seedlings from 666 source locations grown in a common garden to freezing temperatures in a programmable freezer. Considerable variation was found among populations in fall cold hardiness of stems, needles, and buds compared with bud burst, bud set, and biomass growth after 2 years. Variation in fall cold hardiness was strongly correlated (r = 0.67) with cold-season temperatures of the source environment. Large population differences corresponding with environmental gradients are evidence that natural selection has been important in determining genetic variation in fall cold hardiness, much more so than in traits of bud burst (a surrogate for spring cold hardiness), bud set, and growth. Seed movement guidelines and breeding zones may be more restrictive when considering genetic variation in fall cold hardiness compared with growth, phenology, or spring cold hardiness. A regional stratification system based on ecoregions with latitudinal and elevational divisions, and roughly corresponding with breeding zones used in Oregon and Washington, appeared to be adequate for minimizing population differences within regions for growth and phenology, but perhaps not fall cold hardiness. Although cold hardiness varied among populations, within-population and within-region variation is sufficiently large that responses to natural or artificial selection may be readily achieved.

scholarly journals Assessing the Sensitivity of Riparian Algarrobo Dulce (Prosopis flexuosa DC) Radial Growth to Hydrological Changes

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Piraino ◽  
Fidel Alejandro Roig
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Monte Desert ◽  
Hydrological Changes ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Prosopis Flexuosa ◽  
Ecological Importance

Abstract Ecotones, as for example riparian zones, have long interested ecologists, due to their potential role in generating species biodiversity and evolutionary novelty, as well as their sensitivity to environmental changes. Along riparian areas, vegetation is recognized for its ecological importance in several ecosystemic processes. In the Central Monte Desert (central-west Argentina), Prosopis flexuosa grows in territories characterized by a permanent access to water reservoirs, e.g. along riverbanks, where the species forms the classic gallery forests. Despite the ecosystemic role of the different Prosopis species distributed in arid lands, thus far no analysis has been conducted regarding the relation between their radial growth and hydrological changes, namely streamflow variability, in riparian settings. To fill this gap of knowledge, we performed a dendrochronological analysis considering several riparian P. flexuosa trees differing in their spatial position in relation to the riverbank. Pointer years, correlation function, and regression analyses show differences in the dendrohydrological signal of the studied species, probably function of tree distance from the river. In this sense, radial growth of trees distributed near the riverbank is tightly coupled to spring-summer (September to March) stream-flow variability, whereas for farthest trees the ring development is driven by a combination of winter and spring river discharge and late-summer precipitation amount. The presented results demonstrate the potentiality of P. flexuosa, and in a broader sense of the Prosopis genus, in dendrohydrological studies.

Effects of climatic change on trees from cool and temperate regions: an ecophysiological approach to modelling of bud burst phenology

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki Hänninen
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Rest Break

A framework is presented for modelling bud burst phenology of trees from the cool and temperate regions. Three ecophysiological aspects affecting the timing of bud burst are considered: (i) effects of environmental factors on the rest status of the bud, (ii) effect of rest status on the ability for bud burst, and (iii) direct effect of air temperature on the rate of development towards bud burst. Any model for bud burst phenology can be presented within the framework with three submodels, each of them addressing one of the corresponding three ecophysiological aspects. A total of 96 hypothetical models were synthesized by combining submodels presented in the literature. The models were tested in two experiments with saplings of Pinus sylvestris L. growing in experimental chambers at their natural site in eastern Finland. In the first experiment, air temperature and (or) concentration of atmospheric CO2 was elevated. Elevation of the air temperature hastened bud burst, whereas elevation of the concentration of CO2 did not affect it. Several models accurately predicted the timing of bud burst for natural conditions but too early for bud burst at the elevated temperatures. This finding suggests that (i) the risk of a premature bud burst with subsequent frost damage, as a result of climatic warming, was overestimated in a recent simulation study, and (ii) bud burst observations in natural conditions alone are not sufficient for the testing of these mechanistic models. Several models did predict the timing of bud burst accurately for all treatments, but none of them obtained sufficiently strong support from the findings to stand out as superior or uniquely correct. In the second experiment a photoperiod submodel for rest break was tested by exposing the saplings to short-day conditions. The short-day treatment had only a minor effect on the timing of bud burst. These results demonstrated the importance of the concept of model realism: the accuracy of a model can be lost in new conditions (e.g., global warming), unless the model correctly addresses the essential ecophysiological aspects of the regulation of timing of bud burst. Key words: annual cycle of development, chilling, dormancy, field test, photoperiod, rest break.

Radial growth responses of Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinea L. forests to climate variability in Western Albania

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvin Toromani ◽  
Edmond Pasho ◽  
Arben Q. Alla ◽  
Vasillaq Mine ◽  
Nehat Çollaku
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Pinus Pinea ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

Abstract In this study are presented chronologies of earlywood (EW), latewood (LW) and tree-ring widths (RW) of a Pinus halepensis (P. halepensis) and Pinus pinea (P. pinea) natural forest stand growing in western Albania. Bootstrapped correlations and pointer year analysis were combined in a dendroclimatological study to evaluate climate-growth relationships in both pine species as well as to assess the spatial outreach of our chronologies evaluating them with those of the same species from other Mediterranean countries. We found that both species responded positively to precipitation and Indexed Percentage Average Precipitation (%AvP) in late summer-early autumn, particularly the LW, whereas summer temperatures constrained the growth of P. halepensis tree-ring features. Current January temperature and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) showed positive relationship with P. pinea LW and RW. The same association was observed when considering PET in spring and P. halepensis LW and RW. Pointer year analysis showed that inhibitory climatic drivers of radial growth for both species were low precipitation from previous winter and current summer, associated with low temperatures during autumn. Our P. halepensis chronology showed a wider spatial outreach than that of P. pinea when compared to those from other Mediterranean countries. We conclude that current January temperatures and September precipitation are very important for P. pinea growth influencing both EW and LW growth whereas P. halepensis is mostly affected by the summer-early autumn climate conditions.

Seed transfer and climate change effects on radial growth of jack pine populations in a common garden in Petawawa, Ontario, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 242 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 636-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Savva ◽  
B. Denneler ◽  
A. Koubaa ◽  
F. Tremblay ◽  
Y. Bergeron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Seed Transfer

scholarly journals Varying Levels of Genetic Control and Phenotypic Plasticity in Timing of Bud Burst, Flower Opening, Leaf Senescence and Leaf Fall in Two Common Gardens of Prunus padus L.

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1070
Author(s):  
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge ◽  
Stefaan Moreels
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Prunus Padus ◽  
Common Gardens ◽  
Genetic Components

Several phenological phases mark the seasonal growth pattern in temperate woody perennials. To gain further insight into the way these phases react on an altering growth environment, we tested whether vegetative and reproductive phenophases in a shrub species respond differentially among different genetic entities and between two different planting sites. We scored leaf bud burst, flower opening, leaf senescence and leaf fall on 267 ramets of Prunus padus L. belonging to 53 genotypes that were sampled in 9 local populations, and that were planted in 2 common gardens in the northern part of Belgium. The data were processed with cumulative logistic regression. The contribution of genetic and non-genetic components to the total variability varied between the four studied seasonal phenophases. The timing of flower opening displayed the smallest relative amount of intragenotypic variance (between ramets), suggesting a stronger genetic control and a lesser need at the individual plant level for plastic fine tuning to the micro-environment. In addition, whereas leaf bud burst showed the highest relative variance at the interpopulation level among all phenophases, probably at least partly attributable to local adaptation, flower opening displayed the highest intergenotypic variance, which may have been promoted more by assortative mating. Spring phenophases were strongly correlated (r = 0.89) as well as the autumnal phenophases (r = 0.72). Flower opening was not correlated with the autumnal phenophases. Timing of leaf bud burst and leaf senescence were negatively correlated, demonstrating that the length of the growing season enlarged or diminished among the studied genotypes. Although the two planting sites were only 24 km apart, all phenophases were advanced at the less exposed site, indicating a phenotypic plastic response. Together, our results suggest that in P. padus, flowering is less sensitive to environmental variation than leaf bud break and may show a lesser impact of a changing environment on this reproductive phenophase.

scholarly journals Morphogenesis of the giant missionary grass in response to pig slurry fertilization

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1790-1796
Author(s):  
Valdirene Zabot ◽  
Simone Meredith Scheffer-Basso ◽  
Mario Miranda ◽  
Daiane Karla Kotwittz ◽  
Karen Doering Brustolin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Growth Season ◽  
Blade Length

The morphogenesis of giant missionary grass (Axonopus jesuticus x A. scoparius) was evaluated in this study in response to the application of 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200m³ ha-1year-1 of pig slurry, calculated to provide 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500kg N ha-1year-1, respectively. The experiment was carried out in the field, at Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil, in 2010-2011. The doses were fractioned in four applications, performed after the pasture cuttings, during the growth season of the grass. Morphogenetic evaluations were performed weekly between 10/26/2010 and 12/07/2010 (spring), 12/14/2010 and 01/11/2011 (late spring/early summer), 01/18/2011 and 02/07/2011 (summer), and 02/15/2011 and 03/21/2011 (late summer). The leaf senescence, leaf elongation, and pseudoculm elongation rates, canopy and pseudoculm heights, leaf blade length, and tillering increased because of fertilization. The application of pig slurry as a source of nitrogen alters the tissue flow of giant missionary grass, which requires attention to pasture management in order to maximize the efficiency of forage use and to prevent losses of herbage by leaf senescence.

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