scholarly journals Morphological Variation in Absorptive Roots in Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies) Forests Growing on Drained Peat Soils

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Azadeh Rezapour ◽  
Marika Truu ◽  
Martin Maddison ◽  
Gristin Rohula-Okunev ◽  
Arvo Tullus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Downy Birch ◽  
Absorptive Roots ◽  
The Mean

Peatland drainage based on ditch systems is a widely used forestry management practice in the boreal and hemiboreal forests to improve tree growth. This study investigated the morphological variation in absorptive roots (first- and second-order roots) across the distance gradient from the ditch with four sampling plots (5, 15, 40, and 80 m) in six drained peatland forests dominated by Downy birch and Norway spruce. The dominating tree species had a significant effect on the variation in absorptive root morphological traits. The absorptive roots of birch were thinner with a higher specific root area and length (SRA and SRL), higher branching intensity (BI), and lower root tissue density (RTD) than spruce. The distance from the ditch affected the absorptive root morphological traits (especially SRA and RTD), but this effect was not dependent on tree species and was directionally consistent between birch and spruce. With increased distance from the ditch (from plot 5 to plot 80), the mean SRA increased by about 10% in birch and 5% in spruce; by contrast, the mean RTD decreased by about 10% in both tree species, indicating a potential shift in nutrient foraging. However, soil physical and chemical properties were not dependent on the distance from the ditch. We found a species-specific response in absorptive root morphological traits to soil properties such as peat depth, pH, and temperature. Our results should be considered when evaluating the importance of morphological changes in absorptive roots when trees acclimate to a changing climate.

Seasonal changes of frost hardiness in Piceaabies and Pinussylvestris in Finland

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1949-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Repo
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Impedance Method ◽  
Visual Scoring ◽  
The Mean

The frost hardiness of 15- to 25-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) growing under central Finnish conditions was followed during 1985–1987. Shoots were subjected to artificial frost in the laboratory. Frost hardiness was assessed by the impedance method and by visual scoring. Frost hardiness varied during the years from −3.5 °C to lower than −40 °C. The rate of dehardening increased after about mid-April in both tree species when the daily mean temperature increased by several degrees above 0 °C. The maximum rate of dehardening varied slightly from year to year. In both species the frost hardiness of the previous year's shoot decreased during shoot elongation. This phenomenon was more prominent in pine than in spruce. Shoots were most susceptible to frost damage at the time when shoot elongation was ceasing. The onset and development of hardiness in autumn varied from year to year, especially in spruce. Some difference in hardening was found between the current and the previous year's shoots. The rate of hardening increased typically around mid-September in both species, when the mean daily temperatures decreased to within the range of 5–10 °C.

scholarly journals INTEGRATED EFFECT OF CLIMATE AND AIR POLLUTANTS ON DIURNAL TREE RING FORMATION OF SCOTS PINE, NORWAY SPRUCE AND SILVER AND DOWNY BIRCH TREES STEM CIRCUMFERENCE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainis PIVORAS ◽  
Marius MIKALAJŪNAS ◽  
Diana JUONYTĖ ◽  
Gintaras PIVORAS
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Surface Ozone ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Growth Intensity ◽  
Recent Climate ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Downy Birch

The integrated effect of climatic and other abiotic stress factors including surface ozone on diurnal tree ring width formation of the prevailing in Lithuania tree species as the main response parameter of tree capacity to adapt to and mitigate the recent global changes was investigated. The obtained data revealed that Norway spruce is better adapted to recent climatic conditions in temperate forest than birch trees. Even during the drought episode spruce stem increment exceeded increment of the rest of considered tree species. Silver and Downy birch tree reactions revealed the lowest sensitivity of these tree species not only to unfavorable environmental factors but also to favorable factors which should stimulate tree growth intensity. This is why the growth intensity of this tree species recently has been gradually decreasing. The hypothesis that the coniferous species are more adaptive to recent climate changes was confirmed. The study is based on the results obtained conducting national project supported by Lithuanian Council of Research “FOREstRESS” (SIT- 3/2015).

scholarly journals OH reactivity from different tree species: Investigating the missing reactivity in a boreal forest

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud P. Praplan ◽  
Toni Tykkä ◽  
Simon Schallhart ◽  
Virpi Tarvainen ◽  
Jaana Bäck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Green Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Downy Birch ◽  
Very High ◽  
Comparative Reactivity

Abstract. In forested area, a large fraction of total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity remain unaccounted for. Very few studies have been looking at total OH reactivity from biogenic emissions and its variations. In the present study, we investigate the total OH reactivity from three common boreal tree species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, and Downy birch), by comparing it with the calculated reactivity from the chemically identified emissions. Total OH reactivity was measured using the Comparative Reactivity Method (CRM), and the chemical composition of the emissions was quantified with two gas chromatographs coupled to mass spectrometers (GC-MSs). Dynamic branch enclosures were used and emissions from one branch of a tree at the time were measured by rotating between them periodically. Results show that birch had the highest values of total OH reactivity of the emissions (TOHRE), while pine had the lowest. The main drivers for the known reactivity of pine and spruce were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. For birch, emissions were dominated by sesquiterpenes, even though monoterpenes and GLVs could be found too. However, calculated reactivity values remained low leading to the highest missing fraction of reactivity (>96 %), while pine and spruce had similar missing reactivity fractions between 56 % and 82 % (higher in the spring and decreasing as the summer proceeded). The high average values were driven by low reactivity periods and the fraction of missing reactivity got smaller for pine and spruce when the TOHRE values increased. Important exceptions were identified for periods when the emission profiles changed from terpenes to Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs), a family of compounds containing a 6 carbon atoms backbone with various functionalities (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes, esters) that indicate that the plant is suffering from stress. Then, very high TOHRE values were measured and the missing fraction remained high. This study found a different trend in the missing OHRE fraction of Norway spruce from spring to autumn compared to one previous study (Nölscher et al., 2013), which indicates that additional studies are required to fully understand the complexity of biogenic reactive emissions. Future studies of boreal trees in situ should be conducted to confirm the findings presented.

scholarly journals Annual net nitrogen mineralization and litter flux in well-drained downy birch, Norway spruce and Scots pine forest ecosystems

Silva Fennica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardo Becker ◽  
Jürgen Aosaar ◽  
Mats Varik ◽  
Gunnar Morozov ◽  
Kristiina Aun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Net Nitrogen Mineralization ◽  
N Input ◽  
Downy Birch ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Sites

The main aim of the current study was to estimate the annual net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) flux in stands of different tree species growing on drained peatlands, as well as to clarify the effect of tree species, soil properties and litter on annual NNM dynamics. Three study sites were set up in May 2014: a downy birch ( Ehrh.) stand and a Norway spruce ( (L.) Karst.) stand in full-drained swamp (ODS) and a Scots pine ( L.) stand in full-drained swamp (MDS). The NNM flux was estimated using the method with incubated polyethylene bags. The highest value of NNM was found in stands that were growing on fertile ODS: 127.5 kg N ha yr and 87.7 kg N ha yr, in the downy birch stand and in the Norway spruce stand, respectively. A significantly lower annual NNM flux (11.8 kg N ha yr) occurred in the Scots pine stand growing in MDS. Nitrification was highest at fertile ODS sites and ammonification was the highest at the low fertility MDS site. For all study sites, positive correlation was found between soil temperature and NNM intensity. The difference in annual NNM between the downy birch stand and the Norway spruce stand growing on similar drained fertile peatlands was due to litter quality. The annual N input into the soil through leaf litter was the highest at the downy birch site where also the C/N ratio of litter was the lowest. The second highest N input into the soil was found in the spruce stand and the lowest in the pine stand.Betula pubescensPicea abiesOxalisPinus sylvestrisMyrtillusin situ–1–1–1–1–1–1

Distribution and diversity of tree species with respect to soil electrical characteristics in Finnish Lapland

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1158-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sutinen ◽  
A Teirilä ◽  
M Pänttäjä ◽  
M -L Sutinen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Solute Concentration ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Electrical Characteristics ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Finnish Lapland ◽  
Downy Birch

Soil dielectric permittivity (ε), which is dependent on soil water content (θv), and electrical conductivity (σ), which is dependent on soil solute concentration, were measured in the immediate vicinity of 7596 mature trees naturally established on glacial deposits across granitoid and greenstone assemblages in Finnish Lapland (67°30' N-68°40' N). The proportions of the main timber species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) or the diversity of tree species were not affected by the temperature sum (between 750 and 600 degree-days), but the occurrences were strongly influenced by the soil's electrical characteristics. Scots pine and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) were found to only occupy dry soils (fixed effect estimates ε(p) = 8.5 and ε(sb) = 8.3) with low solute concentration (σ(p) = 0.64 mS·m-1 and σ(sb) = 0.56 mS·m-1), while Norway spruce, downy birch, aspen (Populus tremula L.) and sallow (Salix caprea L.) occupied sites with higher soil moisture (ε(s) = 17.0, ε(db) = 14.7, ε(a) = 16.7, and ε(sa) = 16.7) and solute concentration (σ(s) = 0.96 mS·m-1, σ(db) = 0.90 mS·m-1, σ(a) = 1.07 mS·m-1, and σ(sa) = 0.93 mS·m-1). Species diversity was found to be at its highest with the following soil parameters: 12 < ε < 15 and 0.8 < σ < 1.2 mS·m-1. Scots pine was concentrated on tills derived from granitoid rocks. Norway spruce dominated sites on tills particularly derived from the mafic metavolcanic rocks of the Greenstone Belt but did not occur on tills derived from granulite. The edaphic constraint for pine appeared to be θv > 0.27 cm3·cm-3 (ε > 15) and for spruce σ < 0.5 mS·m-1, respectively.

scholarly journals OH reactivity from the emissions of different tree species: investigating the missing reactivity in a boreal forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 4681-4705
Author(s):  
Arnaud P. Praplan ◽  
Toni Tykkä ◽  
Simon Schallhart ◽  
Virpi Tarvainen ◽  
Jaana Bäck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Green Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Mass Spectrometers ◽  
Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Downy Birch ◽  
Very High ◽  
Comparative Reactivity

Abstract. In forested area, a large fraction of total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity remains unaccounted for. Very few studies have looked at the variations in total OH reactivity from biogenic emissions. In the present study, we investigate the total OH reactivity from three common boreal tree species (Scots pine, Norway spruce, and downy birch) by comparing it with the calculated reactivity from the chemically identified emissions. Total OH reactivity was measured using the comparative reactivity method (CRM), and the chemical composition of the emissions was quantified with two gas chromatographs coupled with mass spectrometers (GC–MSs). Dynamic branch enclosures were used, and emissions from one branch of a tree at the time were measured by periodically rotating between them. Results show that birch had the highest values of total OH reactivity of the emissions (TOHRE), while pine had the lowest. The main drivers for the known reactivity of pine and spruce were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Birch emissions were dominated by sesquiterpenes, but monoterpenes and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) were present as well. However, calculated reactivity values remained low, leading to the highest missing fraction of reactivity (>96 %), while pine and spruce had similar missing reactivity fractions between 56 % and 82 % (higher in the spring and decreasing as the summer proceeded). The high average values were driven by low-reactivity periods, and the fraction of missing reactivity got smaller for pine and spruce when the TOHRE values increased. Important exceptions were identified for periods when the emission profiles changed from terpenes to GLVs, a family of compounds containing a backbone of six carbon atoms with various functionalities (e.g. alcohols, aldehydes, esters) that indicate that the plant is suffering from stress. Then, very high TOHRE values were measured, and the missing fraction remained high. This study found a different trend in the missing OHRE fraction of the Norway spruce from spring to autumn compared to one previous study (Nölscher et al., 2013), which indicates that additional studies are required to fully understand the complexity of biogenic reactive emissions. Future studies of boreal trees in situ should be conducted to confirm the findings presented.

scholarly journals 398 Theatre Waste Management and the Impact of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Luney ◽  
C Little
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Surgical Case ◽  
Widespread Adoption ◽  
Period Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Contaminated Waste ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Waste Management Practice

Abstract Introduction Audit of waste management in an elective orthopaedic complex was interrupted due Covid-19 pandemic. We investigated the impact of the enforced changes on theatre waste due to Covid-19. Method Over a 1week period data on waste bag availability and number of bags of each category of waste per surgical case in an elective theatre complex was collated; this was compared to waste generated during Covid-19 pandemic. Results Prior to Covid-19 only clinical waste bins were available in many non-dominant clinical areas providing evidence of inappropriate routine disposal of domestic/recyclable waste. Pre-Covid-19 a mean of 6waste bags were used per surgical case (3.7yellow clinical bags, 1.3black domestic bags, 0.4clear recycling bags), with Covid-19 changes to waste management practice the mean number of waste bags used per case increased to 11 (9 orange contaminated bags, 0.5black, 0.3clear bags). Conclusions Clinical waste management has a significant economic and environmental impact. Covid-19 has led to nearly all waste being deemed to be contaminated and so requiring incineration, with increased volumes of waste generated per case through widespread adoption of PPE. This has increased cost and reduced the ability to recycle non-contaminated waste.

Tissue Ki67 proliferative index expression and pathological changes in hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulae: Preliminary single-center results

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982110154
Author(s):  
Raffaella Mauro ◽  
Cristina Rocchi ◽  
Francesco Vasuri ◽  
Alessia Pini ◽  
Anna Laura Croci Chiocchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Proliferating Cells ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Group B

Background: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis integrates outward remodeling with vessel wall thickening in response to drastic hemodynamic changes. Aim of this study is to determine the role of Ki67, a well-established proliferative marker, related to AVF, and its relationship with time-dependent histological morphologic changes. Materials and methods: All patients were enrolled in 1 year and stratified in two groups: (A) pre-dialysis patients submitted to first AVF and (B) patients submitted to revision of AVF. Morphological changes: neo-angiogenesis (NAG), myointimal thickening (MIT), inflammatory infiltrate (IT), and aneurysmatic fistula degeneration (AD). The time of AVF creation was recorded. A biopsy of native vein in Group A and of arterialized vein in Group B was submitted to histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. IHC for Ki67 was automatically performed in all specimens. Ki67 immunoreactivity was assessed as the mean number of positive cells on several high-power fields, counted in the hot spots. Results: A total of 138 patients were enrolled, 69 (50.0%) Group A and 69 (50.0%) Group B. No NAG or MIT were found in Group A. Seven (10.1%) Group A veins showed a mild MIT. Analyzing the Group B, a moderate-to-severe MIT was present in 35 (50.7%), IT in 19 (27.5%), NAG in 37 (53.6%); AD was present in 10 (14.5%). All AVF of Group B with the exception of one (1.4%) showed a positivity for Ki67, with a mean of 12.31 ± 13.79 positive cells/hot spot (range 0–65). Ki67-immunoreactive cells had a subendothelial localization in 23 (33.3%) cases, a myointimal localization in SMC in 35 (50.7%) cases. The number of positive cells was significantly correlated with subendothelial localization of Ki67 ( p = 0.001) and with NA ( p = 0.001). Conclusions: Native veins do not contain cycling cells. In contrast, vascular cell proliferation starts immediately after AVF creation and persists independently of the time the fistula is set up. The amount of proliferating cells is significantly associated with MIT and subendothelial localization of Ki67-immunoreactive cells, thus suggesting a role of Ki-67 index in predicting AVF failure.

Heart rate responses and plasma cortisol concentrations in ewes: comparison between cervical and laparoscopic intrauterine insemination and their associated handling procedures

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khalid ◽  
W. Haresign ◽  
D. G. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Intrauterine Insemination ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

AbstractThis study consisted of two experiments. In experiment 1, stress responses of sheep which were restrained either in a laparoscopy cradle or a roll-over cradle were compared. The results of this experiment indicated that restraint in roll-over cradle is less (P < 0·05) stressful than that in a laparoscopy cradle when assessed in terms of the elevation and duration of both the mean heart rate and plasma cortisol responses. Experiment 2 compared the stress responses of sheep subjected to restraint in a laparoscopy cradle, restraint in a laparoscopy cradle with intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) by laparoscopy, minimal restraint with cervical AI or restraint in a roll-over cradle plus foot-trimming. All treatments resulted in significant elevations in both heart rate and plasma cortisol concentrations (F < 0·001). The peak heart rate was significantly (P < 0·05) higher in ewes subjected to cervical AI than in those subjected to intrauterine insemination, with other treatments intermediate. The peak cortisol response did not differ among different treatments. The duration over which both the mean heart rate and -plasma cortisol concentrations remained significantly elevated above pre-treatment concentrations did not differ among treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that while restraint using a laparoscopy cradle is more stressful than that using a rollover cradle, the stress inflicted by intrauterine insemination by laparoscopy itself is no greater than that due to restraint using the laparoscopy cradle alone, cervical AI or the management practice offoot-trimming using a rollover cradle.

scholarly journals Potato Late Blight in the Columbia Basin: An Economic Analysis of the 1995 Epidemic

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Johnson ◽  
T. F. Cummings ◽  
P. B. Hamm ◽  
R. C. Rowe ◽  
J. S. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Columbia Basin ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Late Season ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost ◽  
First Time

The cost of managing late blight in potatoes during a severe epidemic caused by new, aggressive strains of Phytophthora infestans in the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon in 1995 was documented. The mean number of fungicide applications per field varied from 5.1 to 6.3 for early- and midseason potatoes, and from 8.2 to 12.3 for late-season potatoes in the northern and southern Columbia Basin, respectively. In 1994, a year when late blight was not severe, the mean number of fungicide applications per field made to early- and midseason potatoes was 2.0; whereas late-season potatoes received a mean of 2.5 applications. The mean per acre cost of individual fungicides applied varied from $4.90 for copper hydroxide to $36.00 for propamocarb + chlorothalonil. Total per acre expenses (application costs plus fungicide material) for protecting the crop from late blight during 1995 ranged from $106.77 to $110.08 for early and midseason potatoes in different regions of the Columbia Basin and from $149.30 to $226.75 for lateseason potatoes in the northern and southern Columbia Basin, respectively. Approximately 28% of the crop was chemically desiccated before harvest as a disease management practice for the first time in 1995, resulting in an additional mean cost of $34.48/acre or $1.3 million for the region. Harvested yields were 4 to 6% less than in 1994. The total cost of managing late blight in the Columbia Basin in 1995 is estimated to have approached $30 million.

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