scholarly journals Efficacy of Gamma Irradiation in Improving the Microbial and Physical Quality Properties of Dried Chillies (Capsicum annuum L.): A Review

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Naleene Balakrishnan ◽  
Salma Mohamad Yusop ◽  
Irman Abdul Rahman ◽  
Eqbal Dauqan ◽  
Aminah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Food Irradiation ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Colour Properties ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Post Harvest Loss

Dried chilli is one of the highly traded spices globally and is well-known for its natural flavour, colour, and unique pungent taste. It is rich in nutrients and has medicinal benefits. During the dehydration and storage process, the proliferation of unwanted microorganisms in dried chilli is unavoidable. Recently, the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and faecal coliforms has been widespread that can cause severe illness and even death. Therefore, sanitation treatment is highly required to decontaminate undesirable microorganisms. Among the common sanitation treatments applied, food irradiation is gaining attention worldwide because of concern for post-harvest loss, foodborne disease, and more stringent regulation in dried chilli trading. Irradiation can successfully preserve dried chilli from pathogenic bacteria with minimal disturbance to critical physical properties, such as pungency and colour. It can also save dried chilli from secondary pollution by storing it into final packing before radiation which helps in distribution to market promptly after treatment. Furthermore, radiation does not leave any chemical residues after the treatment, ensuring the quality and safety of the dried chilli. The efficiency of radiation depends mainly on the initial level of contamination and the persistence of the harmful microorganism. A low irradiation dose is sufficient for dried chili to reduce microbial load to an acceptable level and eliminate pathogens even though a minimum radiation dose of 10 kGy is required for complete sterilization. However, high dosage may affect the colour properties. Gamma radiation, X-ray, and electron beam radiation are the three approved radiation sources for dried chilli in most countries and proven effective for dried chilli preservation. Thus, this review paper highlights the microbial and physical quality properties in gamma radiated dried chillies.

scholarly journals Photorhabdus sp. ETL Antimicrobial Properties and Characterization of Its Secondary Metabolites by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 787
Author(s):  
Tshikala Eddie Lulamba ◽  
Ezekiel Green ◽  
Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Properties And Characterization

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are known to be highly pathogenic to insect pests, due to their associated symbiotic bacteria, which produce virulence factors, exo-enzymes and other harmful secondary metabolites to conquer, kill, and degrade their insect hosts. However, these properties are not fully characterized. This study reports on the antimicrobial activities of Photorhabdus sp. strain ETL, symbiotically associated to an insect pathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis zealandica, against human pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi, as well as the non-targeted profiling of its secondary metabolites (SMs) using gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Fatty acids including 3-eicosene, (E)-; 5-eicosene, (E)-; eicosene; 9-octadecenamide; undecanoic acid with shown antimicrobial activities were detected. This provided more insight on the composition and bioactivities of SMs produced by the Photorhabdus sp.

scholarly journals Bioactive Molecules of Mandarin Seed Oils Diminish Mycotoxin and the Existence of Fungi

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7130
Author(s):  
Salman S. Alharthi ◽  
Ahmed Noah Badr ◽  
Karolina Gromadzka ◽  
Kinga Stuper-Szablewska ◽  
Adel Gabr Abdel-Razek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Omega Fatty Acid ◽  
Reduction Effect

Mandarin is a favorite fruit of the citrus family. Mandarin seeds are considered a source of nontraditional oil obtained from byproduct materials. This investigation aimed to assess the biomolecules of mandarin seeds and evaluated their antimycotic and antimycotoxigenic impact on fungi. Moreover, it evaluated the protective role of mandarin oil against aflatoxin toxicity in cell lines. The two types of extracted oil (fixed and volatile) were ecofriendly. The fatty acid composition, tocopherol, sterols, and carotenoids were determined in the fixed oil, whereas volatiles and phenolics were estimated in the essential oil. A mixture of the two oils was prepared and evaluated for its antimicrobial impact. The reduction effect of this mixture was also investigated to reduce mycotoxin secretion using a simulated experiment. The protective effect of the oil was evaluated using healthy strains of cell lines. Fixed oil was distinguished by the omega fatty acid content (76.24%), lutein was the major carotenoid (504.3 mg/100 g) and it had a high β-sitosterol content (294.6 mg/100 g). Essential oil contained limonene (66.05%), α-pinene (6.82%), β-pinene (4.32%), and γ-terpinene (12.31%) in significant amounts, while gallic acid and catechol were recorded as the dominant phenolics. Evaluation of the oil mix for antimicrobial potency reflected a considerable impact against pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi. By its application to the fungal media, this oil mix possessed a capacity for reducing mycotoxin secretion. The oil mix was also shown to have a low cytotoxic effect against healthy strains of cell lines and had potency in reducing the mortality impact of aflatoxin B1 applied to cell lines. These results recommend further study to involve this oil in food safety applications.

scholarly journals Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from plant extracts: جسيمات الفضة متناهية الصغر من مستخلصات النبات

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samiyah Saeed Al-Zahrani
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Antimicrobial Efficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
And Control

    Synthesis of silver nanoparticles have achieved a distinct focus with an emphasis on their biosynthesis using biological sources such as plants and microorganisms. since plant extracts provide best opportunity for improving green nanotechnology by creating a large array of nanoparticles with antimicrobial efficiency against a wide range of microorganisms such as pathogenic bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi, numerous studies have discussed the deep inroad of antibacterial effect of AgNPs. While there is a lack of studies that advent AgNPs efficiency against toxigenic fungi and control mycotoxins that associated with fungal contamination of food products. This review aimed to summarize the biological synthesis of AgNPs from different natural sources focusing on using this approach as antifungal agent against the most important toxigenic fungi to resolve the mycotoxins evolving issues which influence human and animals’ lives.    

scholarly journals Indoor Mold, Toxigenic Fungi, and Stachybotrys chartarum: Infectious Disease Perspective

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Kuhn ◽  
M. A. Ghannoum
Keyword(s):  
Human Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Hemorrhage ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Stachybotrys Chartarum ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Indoor Mold ◽  
Disease Associations ◽  
Mold Exposure

SUMMARY Damp buildings often have a moldy smell or obvious mold growth; some molds are human pathogens. This has caused concern regarding health effects of moldy indoor environments and has resulted in many studies of moisture- and mold-damaged buildings. Recently, there have been reports of severe illness as a result of indoor mold exposure, particularly due to Stachybotrys chartarum. While many authors describe a direct relationship between fungal contamination and illness, close examination of the literature reveals a confusing picture. Here, we review the evidence regarding indoor mold exposure and mycotoxicosis, with an emphasis on S. chartarum. We also examine possible end-organ effects, including pulmonary, immunologic, neurologic, and oncologic disorders. We discuss the Cleveland infant idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage reports in detail, since they provided important impetus for concerns about Stachybotrys. Some valid concerns exist regarding the relationship between indoor mold exposure and human disease. Review of the literature reveals certain fungus-disease associations in humans, including ergotism (Claviceps species), alimentary toxic aleukia (Fusarium), and liver disease (Aspergillys). While many papers suggest a similar relationship between Stachybotrys and human disease, the studies nearly uniformly suffer from significant methodological flaws, making their findings inconclusive. As a result, we have not found well-substantiated supportive evidence of serious illness due to Stachybotrys exposure in the contemporary environment. To address issues of indoor mold-related illness, there is an urgent need for studies using objective markers of illness, relevant animal models, proper epidemiologic techniques, and examination of confounding factors.

Electron Beam Radiation of Dried Fruits and Nuts To Reduce Yeast and Mold Bioburden

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 981-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERHAN IC ◽  
BALA KOTTAPALLI ◽  
JOSEPH MAXIM ◽  
SURESH D. PILLAI
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Inactivation Kinetics ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Dried Fruits ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Yeasts And Molds ◽  
Beam Dose

Dried fruits and nuts make up a significant portion of the commodities traded globally, and the presence of yeasts and molds on dried fruits and nuts can be a public health risk because of the potential for exposure to toxigenic fungi. Since current postharvest treatment technologies are rather limited for dried fruits and nuts, electron beam (E-beam) radiation experiments were performed to determine the doses required to reduce the yeast and mold bioburden of raisins, walnuts, and dates. The indigenous yeast and mold bioburden on a select number of commodities sold at retail ranged from 102 to 103 CFU/g. E-beam inactivation kinetics based on the linear model suggest that the decimal reduction dose required to eliminate 90% of the microbial population (D10-value) of these indigenous fungal populations ranges from 1.09 to 1.59 kGy. Some samples, however, exhibited inactivation kinetics that were better modeled by a quadratic model. The results indicate that different commodities can contain molds and yeasts of varying resistance to ionizing radiation. It is thus essential for the dried fruit and nut industry to determine empirically the minimum E-beam dose that is capable of reducing or eliminating the bioburden of yeasts and molds in their specific commodities.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli Shiga Toxins and Gut Microbiota Interactions

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Kyung-Soo Lee ◽  
Yu-Jin Jeong ◽  
Moo-Seung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Shiga Toxins ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Lethal Complications

Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 are enterohemorrhagic bacteria that induce hemorrhagic colitis. This, in turn, may result in potentially lethal complications, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is characterized by thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure, and neurological abnormalities. Both species of bacteria produce Shiga toxins (Stxs), a phage-encoded exotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis in host cells that are primarily responsible for bacterial virulence. Although most studies have focused on the pathogenic roles of Stxs as harmful substances capable of inducing cell death and as proinflammatory factors that sensitize the host target organs to damage, less is known about the interface between the commensalism of bacterial communities and the pathogenicity of the toxins. The gut contains more species of bacteria than any other organ, providing pathogenic bacteria that colonize the gut with a greater number of opportunities to encounter other bacterial species. Notably, the presence in the intestines of pathogenic EHEC producing Stxs associated with severe illness may have compounding effects on the diversity of the indigenous bacteria and bacterial communities in the gut. The present review focuses on studies describing the roles of Stxs in the complex interactions between pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, the resident microbiome, and host tissues. The determination of these interactions may provide insights into the unresolved issues regarding these pathogens.

scholarly journals Comparison of Fiber Quality Properties of Different Cotton (G. hirsutum L.) Varieties for Normal and Late Harvest Periods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cevher İlhan Cevheri
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Yarn Quality ◽  
Yarn Quality Properties ◽  
Textile Products

Abstract Cotton fibers are the most important raw material of the textile industry. Clean collection of cotton fibers increases the quality of textile products and the market prices. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of normal and late harvest period of different cotton varieties on cotton fiber and yarn properties. The quality properties of the fibers were determined with the HVI device, and the quality properties of the yarns obtained from the fibers were determined with the USTER TESTER device. The fiber quality properties such as fiber fineness (micronaire), fiber maturity, fiber length (UHML, mm), strength (g/tex), brightness/whiteness (Rd), and yarn quality properties such as yarn evenness (%), thin places, neps+200 (%) and hairiness were investigated in the study. The exposure of fibers to rain during the harvest period of 2018 caused a decrease in the quality properties. Inability of the plants to receive sufficient sunlight during the last physiological development period caused a decrease in photosynthesis rate. This negative situation negatively affected the physical quality properties of fiber and yarn. The results indicated that the physical quality properties of fibers and yarns obtained in 2019 were higher than those in 2018. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of late harvest period on fiber and yarn quality properties and thus on quality of textile products. In addition, the study was carried out to guide researchers who will conduct researchers on similar topics.

scholarly journals Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plant Cassia obtusifolia L. (Chakunda) Leaf Extract on Selected Pathogenic Microbes

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-69
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia

Pathogenic microorganisms are major health concerns of infectious diseases. In the present study ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Cassia obtusifolia leaves from Kushtia region (Bangladesh) were subjected to evaluate the in vitro microbial activity against six important human pathogenic bacteria viz., Bacillus subtilis (001-1), Sarcina lutea (002-1), Xanthomonas campestris (004-1), Escherichia coli (005-1), Klebsiella pneumonia (006-1) and Pseudomonas sp. (010-1) employing disc diffusion method. The crude methanolic extract of C. obtusifolia produced maximum area of inhibition (14 mm) against S. lutea (002-1) and crude ethanolic extract of C. obtusifolia produced the largest area of inhibition (11 mm) against K. pneumonia (006-1). The MIC values (256 μg/ml, 512 μg/ml) were obtained from the methanolic isolate and ethanolic extract that produced 4 mm and 3 mm area of inhibition against S. lutea (002-1) and K. pneumonia (006-1). The methanol extract showed greater activity than ethanol extract. The most susceptible bacterial strains to ethanol and methanol extracts were S. lutea (002-1) and K. pneumonia (006-1). So, it may be possible that the production of a new antibiotic from C. obtusifolia L. leaf may be recommended for meningitis and pneumonia. The findings of this research suggest that the extracts of C. obtusifolia L. can be a source of natural antibacterial agents with pivotal applications in pharmaceutical companies to control pathogenic bacteria causing severe illness in humans.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of curry leaves (Murayya koenegii) on the physical quality of chicken meatball

2021 ◽  
Vol 332 ◽  
pp. 03003
Author(s):  
Peni Patriani ◽  
Nezsa Laras Apsari
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Curry Leaves ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Colour Scale ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Curry leaves (Murayya koenegii) are spices commonly used as a flavouring in Indonesian cuisine. Curry leaves contain antioxidants, anti-therapeutic agents, and inhibitors of pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to observe the effectiveness of adding curry leaves to chicken meatballs at 48 hours of storage. The research design used in this study was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consist of P0: meatball without curry leaves 0%; P1: meatball + dried curry leaves 2%; P2: Meatball + dried curry leaves 4%; P3: Meatball + dried curry leaves 6%. After boiling, the meatballs were stored at 27°C for 48 hours to be tested for physical quality. The results showed that the addition of curry leaves to the meatball mixture had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the physical quality among others pH, water content, cooking loss, tenderness, colour scale of brightness (L), and redness (a*). However, it had no significant effect on the yellowish colour (b*). Curry leaves can also inhibit early rotten in chicken meatballs for 48 hours of storage. It was concluded that the addition of curry leaves was effective in improving the physical quality of chicken meatballs

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