Swallowing Gel for Patients with Dysphagia: A Novel Application of Chitosan

Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing certain foods, liquids, or pills. It is common among the elderly with chronic diseases who need to take drugs for long periods. Therefore, dysphagia might reduce compliance with oral drug administration in the aging population. Many pharmaceutical companies search for new products to serve as swallowing aids. Existing products are expensive and do not suit all geriatric patients. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and investigate pill swallowing aid gels prepared from carboxymethyl cellulose and chitosan. We formulated gels by dissolving different concentrations of carboxymethyl cellulose and low or high molecular weight chitosan in solvents to find appropriate gel rheology properties. We then added several portions of glycerin as the glidant of the formulation. We found that the optimized gel formulation was 6.25% (w/w) chitosan with a molecular weight of 80–120 kDa dissolved in 1.2% acetic acid and 4% (w/w) glycerin. The developed pill swallowing gel’s rheology was pseudoplastic with a viscosity of 73.74 ± 3.20 Pa⸱s. The developed chitosan gel had enhanced flow ability; it allowed the pill to cross a 300 mm tube within 6 s, while the reference product took 3 s. Even though the reference product could carry the pill in the tube faster, the chitosan gel better covered the pill, making it more convenient to use. Finally, using a theophylline tablet as a model tablet dosage form, we assessed the gel’s effect on drug disintegration and dissolution. The chitosan gel delayed the tablet disintegration time by about 3–7 min and slightly affected the theophylline dissolution rate. Lastly, all gels were physically stable after a month of storage in the stress condition. These results show the feasibility of manufacturing a chitosan gel usable as a pill swallowing gel for patients with dysphagia.

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Effect of ageing on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1258/0004563021901937 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 237-240 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Harukuni Akita ◽

Miyao Matsubara ◽

Hitoshi Shibuya ◽

Hirotoshi Fuda ◽

Hitoshi Chiba

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Heart Disease ◽

The Elderly ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Lipoprotein A ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Japanese Subjects

Background Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and increases with age. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ageing on Lp(a) for three different apo(a) phenotypes. Methods We measured plasma Lp(a) concentrations in 551 unrelated Japanese subjects (20-88 years of age). We performed statistical analyses separately for three apo(a) phenotypes: the low-molecular-weight (LMW) phenotype with the F, B or S1 isoform, the intermediate-molecular-weight (IMW) phenotype with the S2 isoform and the high-molecular-weight (HMW) phenotype with the S3 or S4 isoform. Results For each phenotype, the mean plasma Lp(a) concentration and the frequency of Lp(a) concentrations ≥ 250 mg/L increased with age. Further, a statistically significant difference was always found between the younger subjects (20-39 years of age) and the elderly (over 60 years). The frequency of coronary heart disease increased with age, particularly for the LMW and IMW phenotypes. Conclusions We conclude that ageing elevates plasma Lp(a) concentrations, which may have a role in the prevalence of coronary heart disease in the elderly, especially those with the LMW or IMW phenotypes.

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Formulation and evaluation of taste masked oral disintegrating tablets of lornoxicam

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v11i5.5124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 115-120

Author(s):

Kritika Rai ◽

Vivek Jain ◽

Sunil Kumar Jain ◽

Pushpendra Kumar Khangar

Keyword(s):

Cation Exchange Resin ◽

The Elderly ◽

In Vitro Dissolution ◽

Taste Masking ◽

Direct Compression ◽

Compression Technique ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Weight Variation ◽

Croscarmellose Sodium

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) disintegrate quickly with saliva when administered into the oral cavity and taken without water or chewed. ODT are easy to take for children and the elderly, who may experience difficultly in taking ordinary oral preparations such as tablets, capsules, and powders. The ODT threes substantial benefits for the patient (or elder) who cannot swallow (Dysphagia), or who is not permitted water intake due to disease. The reason of the current research was to prepare taste masking oral disintegrating tablets of poorly soluble lornoxicam (LXM) by direct compression technique using Kyron T-114 (cation exchange resin) as a taste masking agent. With in various ratios the Drug-resin of 1:4 was established to present best taste masking. The superdisintegrants used in formulation are croscarmellose sodium and cross povidone. Among these croscarmellose sodium demonstrated superior drug release. The tablets were evaluated for friability, weight variation, wetting time, hardness, disintegration time and uniformity of content. Optimized formulations were evaluated for in vitro dissolution test. Amongst all the formulations F-6 was found to be most successful tablets prepared by this technique had disintegration time of 30sec and % CDR 94.78 within 30min. Hence, this advance can be utilized for taste masking of bitter pharmaceutical ingredients leading to superior patient compliance. Keywords: Oral disintegration tablets, Lornoxicam, Kyron T-114, Superdisintegrants, Direct Compression.

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Formulation and Optimization of Immediate Release Cajanus Cajan Starch-Based Tablets Containing Metronidazole

Oriental Journal of Physical Sciences ◽

10.13005/ojps05.01-02.05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1-2) ◽

pp. 16-19

Author(s):

Ahmed Abdalla Bakheit Abdelgader ◽

Daud Baraka Abdallah ◽

Elnazeer I. Hamedelniel ◽

Hiba Atif Mutwakil Gafar ◽

Mohammed Abdelrahman Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Cajanus Cajan ◽

Immediate Release ◽

Wet Granulation ◽

Maize Starch ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Sodium Starch Glycolate ◽

Upper Level ◽

High Level ◽

Starch Paste ◽

Tablet Dosage

Starch is found almost in all organs of plants as a carbohydrate reserve. It is considered one of the most commonly used pharmaceutical additives, mainly in tablet dosage forms; it used as a tablet binder when incorporated through the wet granulation process or as a disintegrant. Cajanus cajan has a high level of carbohydrate, which makes it another potential choice as a source for starch. This study aims to investigate and optimize the effect of Cajanus cajan starch concentrations as well as wet massing granulation time on physicochemical properties of metronidazole tablets. The hardness, friability percentage, and disintegration time of prepared tablets were determined, and the central composite design was employed in the optimization process. Then the tablets of optimized batch were compared against those tablets in which maize starch and sodium starch glycolate were used instead of Cajanus cajan starch. The results indicated that metronidazole tablets containing the upper level of starch paste (Cajanus cajan and/or maize starch paste) exhibited better percentage friability, hardness, and disintegration time than those formulated with lower levels and those without starch paste. The study showed that experimental design is a useful technique for optimizing Cajanus cajan starch-based tablets, which enabled a better understanding of how different variables could affect the responses. In addition, the study demonstrated that incorporation of Cajanus cajan starch in tablets formulation led to improvement of its physical properties compared to the formulations of maize starch and sodium starch glycolate respectively.

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Isolation and preliminary evaluation of Mulva Neglecta mucilage: a novel tablet binder

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502016000100022 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 201-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Haroon Rahim ◽

Abdul Sadiq ◽

Shahzeb Khan ◽

Kamran Ahmad Chishti ◽

Fazli Amin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Binding Capacity ◽

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Angle Of Repose ◽

Binding Potential ◽

Wet Granulation ◽

Preliminary Evaluation ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Tablet Dosage ◽

Tapped Density ◽

Pvp K30

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate binding potential of Mulva neglecta mucilage (MNM) with subsequent comparison to PVP K30. Eight batches of Diclofenac sodium tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique keeping different concentrations (4, 6, 8 & 10% w/w) of Mulva neglecta mucilage (extracted from leaves of Mulva neglecta) and PVP K30 as standard binder. The granules of formulated batches showed bulk density (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00 to 0.57 ± 0.00, tapped density (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01 to 0.70 ± 0.01, Carr's index 09.27 ± 0.95 to 19.65 ± 0.59, Hausner's ratio 1.12 ± 0.00 to 1.24 ± 0.01 and angle of repose 30.37 ± 2.90 °C to 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Tablets were compressed to hardness 7.50 to 7.95 kg/cm2. The tablets showed 0.39 ± 0.02 to 0.39 ± 0.01% friability and 7:20 to 14:00 min disintegration time. Granules and post-compression evaluation revealed that parameters assessed were all found to be within the pharmacopoeial limits. The results (hardness, disintegration and dissolution) proved that Mulva neglecta mucilage has better binding capacity for preparation of uncoated tablet dosage form as compared to PVP K30. Among all the formulations, MN-1 to MN-4 showed slow release as compared to PV-1 to PV-4 and thereby Mulva neglecta mucilage exhibited satisfactory drug release phenomenon tablets of diclofenac sodium.

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