scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Dispersal of Aspergillus fumigatus in Arctic Soils

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Korfanty ◽  
Mykaelah Dixon ◽  
Haoran Jia ◽  
Heather Yoell ◽  
Jianping Xu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Ecological Distribution ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Arctic Soils ◽  
The World ◽  
Geographic Regions

Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic mold and an opportunistic pathogen with a broad geographic and ecological distribution. A. fumigatus is the most common etiological agent of aspergillosis, affecting over 8,000,000 individuals worldwide. Due to the rising number of infections and increasing reports of resistance to antifungal therapy, there is an urgent need to understand A. fumigatus populations from local to global levels. However, many geographic locations and ecological niches remain understudied, including soil environments from arctic regions. In this study, we isolated 32 and 52 A. fumigatus strains from soils in Iceland and the Northwest Territories of Canada (NWT), respectively. These isolates were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci and the genotypes were compared with each other and with those in other parts of the world. Though significantly differentiated from each other, our analyses revealed that A. fumigatus populations from Iceland and NWT contained evidence for both clonal and sexual reproductions, and shared many alleles with each other and with those collected from across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Interestingly, we found one triazole-resistant strain containing the TR34 /L98H mutation in the cyp51A gene from NWT. This strain is closely related to a triazole-resistant genotype broadly distributed in India. Together, our results suggest that the northern soil populations of A. fumigatus are significantly influenced by those from other geographic regions.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Structure in RegionalCercospora beticolaPopulations fromBeta vulgarissubsp.vulgarisSuggest Two Clusters of Separate Origin

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (7) ◽  
pp. 1280-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel L. Knight ◽  
Niloofar Vaghefi ◽  
Julie R. Kikkert ◽  
Melvin D. Bolton ◽  
Gary A. Secor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New York ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Diversity And Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Population Origin ◽  
Geographic Regions

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora beticola, is a highly destructive disease of Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris worldwide. C. beticola populations are usually characterized by high genetic diversity, but little is known of the relationships among populations from different production regions around the world. This information would be informative of population origin and potential pathways for pathogen movement. For the current study, the genetic diversity, differentiation, and relationships among 948 C. beticola isolates in 28 populations across eight geographic regions were investigated using 12 microsatellite markers. Genotypic diversity, as measured by Simpson’s complement index, ranged from 0.18 to 1.00, while pairwise index of differentiation values ranged from 0.02 to 0.42, with the greatest differentiation detected between two New York populations. In these populations, evidence for recent expansion was detected. Assessment of population structure identified two major clusters: the first associated with New York, and the second with Canada, Chile, Eurasia, Hawaii, Michigan, North Dakota, and one population from New York. Inferences of gene flow among these regions suggested that the source for one cluster likely is Eurasia, whereas the source for the other cluster is not known. These results suggest a shared origin of C. beticola populations across regions, except for part of New York, where population divergence has occurred. These findings support the hypothesis that dispersal of C. beticola occurs over long distances.

scholarly journals Cutibacterium acnes as an Opportunistic Pathogen: An Update of Its Virulence-Associated Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance Mayslich ◽  
Philippe Alain Grange ◽  
Nicolas Dupin
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Bacterial Attachment ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes

Cutibacterium acnes is a member of the skin microbiota found predominantly in regions rich in sebaceous glands. It is involved in maintaining healthy skin and has long been considered a commensal bacterium. Its involvement in various infections has led to its emergence as an opportunist pathogen. Interactions between C. acnes and the human host, including the human skin microbiota, promote the selection of C. acnes strains capable of producing several virulence factors that increase inflammatory capability. This pathogenic property may be related to many infectious mechanisms, such as an ability to form biofilms and the expression of putative virulence factors capable of triggering host immune responses or enabling C. acnes to adapt to its environment. During the past decade, many studies have identified and characterized several putative virulence factors potentially involved in the pathogenicity of this bacterium. These virulence factors are involved in bacterial attachment to target cells, polysaccharide-based biofilm synthesis, molecular structures mediating inflammation, and the enzymatic degradation of host tissues. C. acnes, like other skin-associated bacteria, can colonize various ecological niches other than skin. It produces several proteins or glycoproteins that could be considered to be active virulence factors, enabling the bacterium to adapt to the lipophilic environment of the pilosebaceous unit of the skin, but also to the various organs it colonizes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning characterized C. acnes virulence factors and their possible implication in the pathogenicity of C. acnes.

scholarly journals Unveiling a unique genetic diversity of cultivated Coffea arabica L. in its main domestication center: Yemen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Montagnon ◽  
A. Mahyoub ◽  
W. Solano ◽  
F. Sheibani
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
The World ◽  
Genetic Clusters ◽  
Domestication Process ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Coffea Arabica L ◽  
Cup Quality

AbstractWhilst it is established that almost all cultivated coffee (Coffea arabica L.) varieties originated in Yemen after some coffee seeds were introduced into Yemen from neighboring Ethiopia, the actual coffee genetic diversity in Yemen and its significance to the coffee world had never been explored. We observed five genetic clusters. The first cluster, which we named the Ethiopian-Only (EO) cluster, was made up exclusively of the Ethiopian accessions. This cluster was clearly separated from the Yemen and cultivated varieties clusters, hence confirming the genetic distance between wild Ethiopian accessions and coffee cultivated varieties around the world. The second cluster, which we named the SL-17 cluster, was a small cluster of cultivated worldwide varieties and included no Yemen samples. Two other clusters were made up of worldwide varieties and Yemen samples. We named these the Yemen Typica-Bourbon cluster and the Yemen SL-34 cluster. Finally, we observed one cluster that was unique to Yemen and was not related to any known cultivated varieties and not even to any known Ethiopian accession: we name this cluster the New-Yemen cluster. We discuss the consequences of these findings and their potential to pave the way for further comprehensive genetic improvement projects for the identification of major resilience/adaptation and cup quality genes that have been shaped through the domestication process of C. arabica.

A survey of mycorrhizal plants on Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1848-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bledsoe ◽  
P. Klein ◽  
L. C. Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Cenococcum Geophilum ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Vaccinium Uliginosum ◽  
Devon Island ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizae ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Arctic Soils ◽  
Mycorrhizal Associations

Although mycorrhizal associations are commonly found on roots of most plant species, little is known about the presence or absence of mycorrhizae in arctic regions. In the Canadian High Arctic, roots of 55 herbaceous and woody plant species were examined for mycorrhizae during the summers of 1987 and 1988 on Devon Island, N.W.T. Ectomycorrhizal associations were found on roots of Salix arctica, Dryas integrifolia, and Potentilla hyparctica; ericoid mycorrhizae formed on Cassiope tetragona and Vaccinium uliginosum. Ectomycorrhizal roots were often covered with black hyphae resembling the fungus Cenococcum geophilum; sclerotia characteristic of this fungus were found in soil extracts. Plants expected to have endomycorrhizal associations were apparently nonmycorrhizal in the traditional sense, since no arbuscules, vesicles, or pelotons were found on any roots during two field seasons. Although extensive fungal hyphae were often present on and within roots, these hyphae could not be conclusively identified as endomycorrhizal. Some dark, septate hyphae were present; their function, although unknown, may be beneficial to the host. In a series of greenhouse bioassays using arctic soils, no endomycorrhizal associations developed on test plants. Spores of vesicular–arbuscular fungi were not found in soil extracts. Thus in this survey, only ectomycorrhizal associations were observed, suggesting that the cold, dry winter and cold, wet summer climates in this area of the High Arctic severely limit formation of endomycorrhizae. Key words: roots, fungi, ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, arctic.

Genetic Diversity and Azole Resistance Among Natural Aspergillus fumigatus Populations in Yunnan, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duanyong Zhou ◽  
Ruirui Wang ◽  
Xiao Li ◽  
Bin Peng ◽  
Guangzhu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Azole Resistance

scholarly journals Nitrogen, Iron and Zinc Acquisition: Key Nutrients to Aspergillus fumigatus Virulence

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Uxue Perez-Cuesta ◽  
Xabier Guruceaga ◽  
Saioa Cendon-Sanchez ◽  
Eduardo Pelegri-Martinez ◽  
Fernando L. Hernando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Zinc Metabolism ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Regulation Process ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Iron And Zinc ◽  
Fungal Nutrition

Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous soil decomposer and an opportunistic pathogen that is characterized by its large metabolic machinery for acquiring nutrients from media. Lately, an ever-increasing number of genes involved in fungal nutrition has been associated with its virulence. Of these, nitrogen, iron, and zinc metabolism-related genes are particularly noteworthy, since 78% of them have a direct implication in virulence. In this review, we describe the sensing, uptake and regulation process of the acquisition of these nutrients, the connections between pathways and the virulence-implicated genes. Nevertheless, only 40% of the genes mentioned in this review have been assayed for roles in virulence, leaving a wide field of knowledge that remains uncertain and might offer new therapeutic and diagnostic targets.

scholarly journals A systematic revision of Capparaceae and Cleomaceae in Egypt: an evaluation of the generic delimitations of Capparis and Cleome using ecological and genetic diversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abd. S. El zayat ◽  
Mahmoud El Sayd Ali ◽  
Mohamed Hamdy Amar
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Polymorphic Markers ◽  
Ecological Distribution ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
The Family

Abstract Background The Capparaceae family is commonly recognized as a caper, while Cleomaceae represents one of small flowering family within the order Brassicales. Earlier, Cleomaceae was included in the family Capparaceae; then, it was moved to a distinct family after DNA evidence. Variation in habits and a bewildering array of floral and fruit forms contributed to making Capparaceae a “trash-basket” family in which many unrelated plants were placed. Indeed, family Capparaceae and Cleomaceae are in clear need of more detailed systematic revision. Results Here, in the present study, the morphological characteristics and the ecological distribution as well as the genetic diversity analysis among the twelve species of both Capparaceae and Cleomaceae have been determined. The genetic analysis has been checked using 15 ISSR, 30 SRAP, and 18 ISTR to assess the systematic knots between the two families. In order to detect the molecular phylogeny, a comparative analysis of the three markers was performed based on the exposure of discriminating capacity, efficiency, and phylogenetic heatmap. Our results indicated that there is a morphological and ecological variation between the two families. Moreover, the molecular analysis confirmed that ISTR followed by SRAP markers has superior discriminating capacity for describing the genetic diversity and is able to simultaneously distinguish many polymorphic markers per reaction. Indeed, both the PCA and HCA data have drawn a successful annotation relationship in Capparaceae and Cleome species to evaluate whether the specific group sort individual or overlap groups. Conclusion The outcomes of the morphological and ecological characterization along with the genetic diversity indicated an insight solution thorny interspecies in Cleome and Gynandropsis genera as a distinct family (Cleomaceae) and the other genera (Capparis, Cadaba, Boscia, and Maerua) as Capparaceae. Finally, we recommended further studies to elucidate the systematic position of Dipterygium glaucum.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of Avena strigosa Schreb. ecotypes on the basis of isoenzyme markers

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kubiak
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Similarity ◽  
Avena Strigosa ◽  
Total Genetic Diversity ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intrapopulation Diversity ◽  
Very High

Genetic diversity ofAvena strigosaSchreb. ecotypes on the basis of isoenzyme markersGenetic diversity was analyzed in 19 ecotypes of the diploid oatA. strigosaoriginating from various geographical regions of the world. Six isoenzyme systems (AAT, ACP, EST, LAP, MDH, PX) were studied and 16 loci were identified. Only two loci (Est4andMdh2) were polymorphic. Ecotypes were characterized by the percentage of polymorphic loci (P=3.3%), the mean number of alleles per locus (A=1.04) and intrapopulation diversity (HS=0.013). Total genetic diversity (HT=0.07) and interpopulation diversity (DST=0.057) were examined as well. The value of the coefficient of gene differentiation (GST=0.821) indicated that diversity among populations was an important contributor to total variability. Genetic similarity betweenA. strigosapopulations was very high (IN=0.94). Cluster analysis did not demonstrate strongly differentiated groups among the ecotypes examined.

scholarly journals Environmental Isolates of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Germany

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 4356-4359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bader ◽  
Jana Tünnermann ◽  
Anna Dudakova ◽  
Marut Tangwattanachuleeporn ◽  
Michael Weig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Antifungal Drug ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Antifungal Drug Resistance ◽  
The World

ABSTRACTAzole antifungal drug resistance inAspergillus fumigatusis an emerging problem in several parts of the world. Here we investigated the distribution of such strains in soils from Germany. At a general positivity rate of 12%, most prevalently, we found strains with the TR34/L98H and TR46/Y121F/T289A alleles, dispersed along a corridor across northern Germany. Comparison of the distributions of resistance alleles and genotypes between environment and clinical samples suggests the presence of local clinical clusters.

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