scholarly journals Urban Morphology of Zagreb in the Second Half of the 19th Century—Landmarks Guiding the Reconstruction of the Town and the Preservation of Identity after the 2020 Earthquake

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 3349-3364
Author(s):  
Bojana Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci ◽  
Mladen Obad Šćitaroci
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Urban Identity ◽  
Second Development ◽  
New Town ◽  
Urban Pattern ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

The research of the urban morphology of Zagreb in the second half of the 19th century was done with the intention of showing the importance of inherited urban morphology and the importance of urban identity factors at a time when preparations are being made for reconstruction after the 2020 earthquake. The research was performed on the basis of old maps and plans and previous research on urban development. The medieval town of Zagreb began to develop in a planned manner in the second half of the 19th century. The orthogonal street grid in the new town built in the 19th century and called the Lower Town—were the result of urban utopian times and the first written legislation on urban planning (1857), the first development plan (1864/1865), and a second development plan (1887/1889). The concept for the urban design of the Lower Town has three distinct themes: an orthogonal street grid, public parks and squares and public buildings. The series of public spaces, consisting of seven squares and the Botanical Gardens, became a landmark pattern in the urban morphology of Zagreb at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. This urban pattern, as a lasting value, remains the main landmark for any new architectural and urban interventions in the town historic part.

scholarly journals 19th-Century Wooden Houses of Craftsmen from Zgierz – Precious Heritage or Troublesome Inheritance?

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Barucha
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
River Bank ◽  
New Town ◽  
Classical Architecture ◽  
Regular Arrangement ◽  
Historic Development ◽  
Urban Complex ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town ◽  
Made In

Zgierz, a town located in the central part of the Łódź Province, has a unique urban complex in the form of a craftsmen’s town built from scratch in the first half of the 19th century. This was a result of a settlement operation carried out in Congress Poland to boost the economy of the newly created state. The settlers were mostly cloth makers of Polish and German descent, primarily from the territory of the Prussian Partition. Regular arrangement, with symmetrical streets and a market square in the middle, on a high river bank, went hand in hand with aesthetic and functional late classical architecture, which is why this centre can be called a Biedermeier town. Even though durable materials were preferred, most houses that have survived are made of wood, and yet decorative elements can still be seen on many of them. Today, the houses, divided into numerous flats and inhabited by qualifying occupiers, are used contrary to their original purpose and inappropriately for their status. So far, two attempts to revitalise the area in question have been made. In consequence, the Town of Weavers Culture Park was established, seven of the houses were renovated, and fragments of two streets were restored to their former appearance. The paper presents the past and present situation of the historic development of the New Town considering its social context, and attempts to summarise the revitalisation activities performed to date.

Using Census Returns and the Own-Children Method to Measure Marital Fertility in Rawtenstall, 1851-1901

2017 ◽  
pp. 54-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. (Mac) Boot
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Marital Fertility ◽  
Cotton Textile ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
North East ◽  
Proximate Determinants ◽  
Birth Records ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town ◽  
Fertility Estimation

The incompleteness of Victorian census returns of marriage and birth records for England and Wales, and the high costs of using civil and church records, have greatly restricted research into the timing and character of the decline in marital fertility in the second half of the 19th century. This article argues that, in spite of these limitations, the census returns provide enough data to allow the well-known the 'Own-children method of fertility estimation', when used within Bongaarts' framework for analysing the proximate determinants of fertility, to derive estimates of total and age-specific marital fertility for women 15 to 49 years of age. It uses data from the census returns for the town of Rawtenstall, a small cotton textile manufacturing town in north-east Lancashire, to generate these estimates and to test their credibility against other well respected measures of marital fertility for England and Wales.

scholarly journals Rathaus – Bahnhof – Museum. Auswirkungen ausgewählter kommunaler und privater Einrichtungen auf das soziale Leben der Bevölkerung in Czernowitz zur Zeit der Habsburgermonarchie

2017 ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Michaela Seewald
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Town Hall ◽  
Railway Station ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

The 19th century is - as regards urban planning - characterized by the development of infrastructure, such as schools or hospitals. These changes can also be observed in the eastern parts of the monarchy. The regional focus of this thesis lies on Czernowitz, the capital city of the Bukovina since 1849. Three institutions - the town hall, the railway station and the museum - serve as an example to show how the construction of these buildings had an impact on the social life of the residents of Czernowitz. The article shows that identity is the central connective element.

On Displayed Writing. Bronze Inscriptions from Napoca

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Sorin Nemeti ◽  
Eugenia Beu-Dachin ◽  
Sorin Cociş
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Text ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

"Abstract: We present below two fragmentary texts carved in aere from Napoca, one known from the 19th century and the other novel, yielded by recent rescue excavations. The first inscription (Napoca-1) was carved on a bronze tablet discovered in Piaţa Muzeului no. 4. The document here might correspond to an imperial response (subscriptio), delivered by emperor Hadrian upon a request that might have been made for instance by the representatives of the town at Napoca. A second fragmentary inscription in bronze (Napoca-2) originating still from Napoca was discovered in the area of hill Feleac. The preserved words formis and ratio / procuratio are indicative of an administrative taxation type text. Keywords: bronze inscriptions, legal text, imperial rescript, Napoca Rezumat: Prezentăm aici două texte fragmentare incizate in aere din Napoca, unul cunoscut din secolul al XIX-lea şi altul nou, provenit din cercetări de salvare recente. Prima inscripţie (Napoca-1) a fost incizată pe o tablă de bronz descoperită în Piaţa Muzeului nr. 4. Aceste documente poate fi un răspuns imperial (subscriptio) dat de împăratul Hadrian unei cereri făcute de reprezentanţii oraşului Napoca. A doua inscripţie fragmentară din bronz (Napoca-2), provenită tot din Napoca, a fost descoperită în zona dealului Feleac. Cuvintele păstrate - formis şi ratio/procuratio – indică un text administrativ în legătură cu impozitele. Cuvinte cheie: inscripţii de bronz, texte legale, rescript imperial, Napoca "

scholarly journals Jindřichův Hradec and the Landfras Family of Printers

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 146-153
Author(s):  
František Fürbach
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Town Council ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

The beginning of the article briefly outlines the history of Jindřichův Hradec from its foundation through its development in the 15th century and especially in the 16th century, until the 19th century, when the Landfras printing works functioned in the town. Afterwards, the article focuses on the Landfras family of printers and its work in Jindřichův Hradec. It deals with the founder of the printing works, Josef Jan Landfras (1869–1840), as well as with his family background and his public activities. Most attention is devoted to his successor, Alois Landfras (1797–1875), who became one of the most remarkable figures in the history of Jindřichův Hradec, because he was very actively involved in social events in the town. From 1841, he was a member of the town council; ten years later, he was elected mayor and remained in the position for ten years. His private and family life is marginally mentioned as well. The last member of the family active in the 19th century was Vilém Antonín Landfras (1830–1902), who was also a member of the town council. Thanks to him, the weekly Ohlas od Nežárky [Echoes from the River Nežárka] began to be published in the town in 1871. The article further mentions his important role in the organisation of the social entertainment of burghers and his family life. The end of the paper is devoted to his son, Vilém Bohumil Landfras (1865–1931), whose work falls into the first third of the 20th century.

Overcoming Social Inequality in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-396
Author(s):  
M. V. Makarova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
National Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Development Plan ◽  
National Development Plan ◽  
The 19Th Century

The presented study examines certain aspects of Mexico’s social policy from the 19th century to the implementation of the key programs of the 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Aim. The study aims to identify the major causes and find solutions to one of the main problems of social development in Mexico - social stratification.Tasks. The authors determine the sequence of historical, political, and economic actions that have influenced social inequality; examine the factors that have led to social stratification; analyzestatistics pertaining to reforms; examine the programs of Mexico’s 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition to identify social development trends in Mexico’s socio-economic policy and the underlying internal and external factors, and to analyze the directions of the programs of Mexico’s 2019-2024 National Development Plan.Results. Social inequality in Mexico can be traced back to medieval times. Since the 19th century, oppressed people have been openly asserting their social standing. Significant social stratification and an overwhelming number of poor people with little education cannot resist the country’s political system. There is constant pressure from foreign countries, particularly from the United States, on the political order of Mexico through the promotion of foreign standards aimed at deriving profit for other countries and the Mexican elite. The country’s domestic regulation is carried out in the context of limited wage growth, lack of a progressive taxation system, and disparate accessibility of social benefits for different population groups. Since the beginning of the 21st century, introduction of socially oriented programs has reduced social inequality, but it remains too high in comparison with developed and developing countries.Conclusions. A study of the country’s socio-economic policy since the 19th century reveals features that are specific to Mexico: a very high level of corruption and criminality, social stratification with an overwhelming number of low-income people and general marginalization hinder the country’s social development and economic growth. The middle class is poorly developed and cannot provide the domestic consumption necessary for the stable development of Mexico and reduction of the country’s dependence on its trading partners. Population support measures are ineffective in the context of the established way of life.

scholarly journals Cäsar Adolf Bloesch – ein Geburtshelfer? Einblicke in seine ärztliche Praxis zwischen 1832 und 1850

Gesnerus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-125
Author(s):  
Philipp Klaas
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Market ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town ◽  
Extensive Practice

This article contributes to the history of obstetrics as it was performed in the context of general practice during the 19th century. It focuses on the Swiss physician Cäsar Adolf Bloesch (1804–1863) from the town of Biel, Canton Bern. Drawing upon Bloesch’s extensive practice records, it raises the question whether this physician participated in the local market for obstetrical activities. Furthermore, the paper tries to make an estimate about the importance this field of action took for Bloesch’s practice. To achieve this, results of a smaller study about obstetrical cases within the practice records during the years 1832 to 1850 are being presented. I will argue that physicians like Bloesch were aware of the problems obstetrics brought with it, and as a consequence, he tried to limit it in favor of his general practice.

scholarly journals Books in Burgher Households on the Moravian-Silesian Border at the Beginning of the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Lenka Nováková
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

The relation of subjected municipalities of urban type on the Moravian-Silesian border to books and to education in general can be demonstrated on the example of Místek, situated in the Hukvaldy demesne. The craftsmanship–agricultural character of the town along with its position on a trade route near the Moravian-Silesian border was involved in the shaping of the social environment. Valuable sources of information on burgher households are probate inventories. It is possible to determine from them not only whether burghers owned any books at all and how many, but sometimes even what types of books they were. Among others, likewise the information on book owners, their profession and financial situation is undoubtedly interesting. Although personal motives and the attitudes of Místek burghers towards books usually remain hidden from us, it is still possible to reveal a part of everyday life.

scholarly journals Moscow in the Russian medallic art

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Ульяна Михайловна Волкова
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
War Of 1812 ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

В статье рассматриваются медали, созданные в Российской империи в XVIII – начале XX века, с изображением города Москвы. В течение XVIII века была отчеканена всего одна медаль с таким изображением – на основание Московского университета. Все памятники XIX – начала XX века с изображением древней столицы можно разделить на три типа – это виды Кремля, различные сооружения и персонифицированный образ города. Персонификация Москвы – самый увлекательный медальный образ старой столицы. С этой аллегорией существует всего три медали. Первая персонификация Москвы была показана на медали, посвященной Отечественной войне 1812 года – «Освобождение Москвы», отчеканенной в 1834 году и принадлежащей к серии графа Ф.П. Толстого. Одеяние аллегорического персонажа соответствует русской моде начала XIX века и включает стилизованный сарафан и кокошник. На примере трех проанализированных медалей с изображением персонификаций Москвы автор прослеживает основные изменения, произошедшие в отечественном медальерном искусстве – от первых попыток включить элементы традиционной культуры в европейское по своей сути искусство до композиций, созданных на основе исторических источников и научных трудов. The article deals with the images of Moscow in the Russian medallic art of the 18th – beginning of the 20th century. Only one medal with the view of Moscow Kremlin was struck during 18th century. It was a medal dedicated to the inauguration of the Moscow University in 1754 by Helvetian medallieur Jacques-Antoine Dassier. During 19th – beginning of the 20th century, there were three types of the images of Moscow on the Russian medals. Moscow Kremlin, some landmark buildings or personification of the town are the main images depicted on the medals. Personification of Moscow is the most fascinating medallic image of the old capital. There were only three medals with this allegory. First personification of Moscow was shown on a medal dedicated to the Patriotic war of 1812 – “Liberation of Moscow” belonging to the series of count F.P. Tolstoy, minted in 1834. Allegory was dressed according to the Russian fashion of the beginning of the 19th century. And wore stylized sarafan (Russian folk costume) and kokoshnik (traditional Russian headdress). Two other personification were depicted after the first one.

scholarly journals Protection of old forges in Sułkowice – symbol of the local crafts-manship

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-160
Author(s):  
Barbara Zin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Wooden Structures ◽  
The Town ◽  
Second World

Wooden structures linked to agriculture are disappearing from the image of the Polish countryside, villages and small towns at the beginning of the 21st century. It is worthy to start the discussion on the fate of desolate, deteriorating forges, sawmills, carpentries, or water mills which are relics of the traditional technology. Sułkowice, a small town in the Małopolskie voivodeship, has been known for ages as a prominent centre of blacksmiths and their craft. Even today one feels the specific character of the landscape; in the mid-19th century circa 1000 blacksmiths worked there. Tradition lived until the times after the Second World War – when artisans in Sułkowice forged, among others, artful fittings for the MS ‘Batory’ [famed Polish liner]. Inventories, surveys and measurements of old forges, elaborated by the authoress within the framework of the research grant “Image of villages and small towns in Poland of the last decade of the 20th century” (led by Prof. Wiktor Zin) led to gathering of the documentation of circa 20 structures hailing from the close of the 19th century. After 20 years that elapsed since the research there are only a few left, and their days are numbered. Local Programme of Revitalisation of the Town from the year 2007 which is a strategic plan for enterprises aiming at amelioration of the area, does not mention the protection of the last witnesses of the local crafts’s tradition. Whereby the activisation of the local community, deriving from the tradition of the place, should be the aim of such a programme. Thus maybe there should be reconstruction and later ‘cyclical rebuilding’ of the structures which have no chance to exist with their primary function? “Old-new” wooden structures shall be a reminder of the blacksmiths’ tradition.

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