scholarly journals Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Trichoderma Isolates against Sugarcane Woolly Aphid, Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Md. Shafiqul Islam ◽  
Vijay Kumar Subbiah ◽  
Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
Ceratovacuna Lanigera

Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a destructive insect pest of sugarcane that is responsible for reducing the quality, yield, and sugar content. Ecofriendly methods of pest control, such as the use of biological control, is encouraged since it does not exhibit the harmful effects that are usually seen when using chemical-based pesticides. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of several entomopathogenic fungi isolates against C. lanigera under laboratory conditions. A total of seven isolates were obtained from agricultural soils that were collected from various locations from Sabah, Malaysia, using the insect bait method. Among the seven, four isolates (TMS114, TMS623, TMS628, and TMS707) were positively identified as T. harzianum (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae), two isolates (TMS45, TMS321) as T. asperellum (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae), and one isolate (TMS633) as T. hamatum (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae) based on a combination of morphological characteristics and molecular data using ITS 1-5.8 S-ITS 2 regions of the rDNA. Four different concentrations (1 × 105, 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 mL−1) of conidia suspensions of the isolates were applied separately on nymphs and adults of C. lanigera. The results showed that mortality in both nymphs and adults was dependent on the conidia concentration and exposure time. Among the four concentrations, the highest mortality of C. lanigera was found to range from 59.99 to 75.70% for nymphs after 72 h and from 57.45 to 72.31% for adults after 6 days of treatments at the concentration of 1 × 108 conidia mL−1. Trichodermaharzianum (TMS623) showed significantly highest mortality of 75.70% for nymphs and 72.31% for adults among the seven isolates. . However, the nymph and adult mortality rates for the isolates were 70.00% & 68.00% for TMS114, 66.42% & 63.10% for TMS628, 67.85% & 65.24% for TMS707, 61.42% & 58.80% for TMS45, 59.99% & 57.45% for TMS321 and 63.56% & 60.91% for TMS633, respectively. For nymph mortality, T. harzianum (TMS623) showed a LC50 (lethal concentration) value of 6.30 × 105 conidia mL−1 and LC90 value of 3.01 × 109 conidia mL−1, respectively, and for adult mortality, the values were found of 6.16 × 105 conidia mL−1 for LC50 and 2.23 × 1010 conidia mL−1 for LC90, respectively. The lethal time (LT) values for nymph and adult mortality were found of 42.65 h and 3.89 days for LT50 and 93.32 h and 8.70 days for LT90 by T. harzianum (TMS623). Therefore, T. harzianum (TMS623) showed more pathogenic potential against C. lanigera and can be further applied to determine its efficacy under field conditions. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of T.harzianum,T.hamatum, and T.asperellum species that are used as entomopathogenic fungi against sugarcane woolly aphid, C. lanigera.

scholarly journals Cuticle degrading enzyme production by some isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
N Sapna Bai ◽  
OK Remadevi ◽  
TO Sasidharan ◽  
M Balachander ◽  
Priyadarsanan Dharmarajan
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Mechanical Pressure ◽  
Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Insect Pest Control ◽  
Degrading Enzymes

Context: Entomopathogenic fungi have been recognized as viable alternate options to chemicals in insect pest control. Unlike other potential biocontrol agents, fungi do not have to be ingested to infect their hosts but invade directly through the cuticle. Entry into the host involves both enzymic degradation of the cuticle barrier and mechanical pressure. Production of a range of cuticle degrading enzymes is an important event in the interaction of entomopathogenic fungi and host. Enzyme secretion is believed to be a key contributor for the virulence of a fungal isolate. Objectives: The potentiality of nine isolates of M. anisopliae were tested to produce to produce three important cuticle degrading enzymes, viz., chitinase, protease and lipase. Materials and Methods: Nine isolates of M. anisopliae were evaluated for chitinase, protease and lipase enzyme production by determining the enzyme index and activities. Results: Chitinase index of these isolates were ranged from 1.5 to 2.2 and chitinolytic activity from 0.525 to 1.560 U/ml. The isolates showed protease index in the range of 1.2 to 3.3 and the activity ranged from 0.020 to 0.114 U/ml. Lipase index ranged from 1.15 to 7.0 and the enzyme activity ranged from 0.153 to 0.500 U/ml. A strong relationship was observed between virulence of the isolates and cuticle degrading enzyme production as increased enzyme production was observed for virulent isolates. Conclusion: In the present study three isolates as (MIS2, MIS7 and MIS13) demonstrated cuticle degrading enzyme (CDE) that indicate higher virulence based on the bioassay conducted earlier by the authors as strongly substantiating the role of CDEs is considered the virulence of Metarhizium isolates. So, these isolates may be as ecofriendly insect-pest control agent in future. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17648 J. bio-sci. 20: 25-32, 2012

scholarly journals On the virulence of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shehzad ◽  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Tariq Mukhtar ◽  
Asim Gulzar
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Offspring Sex Ratio ◽  
Development Of Resistance

Abstract Background The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a noxious pest of cruciferous crops all over the world causing serious economic damage. Management of insect pest generally depends on chemical control; however, due to development of resistance against all types of insecticides, alternative approaches especially utilization of a microbial agent is inevitable. Results Potential of 2 entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), viz., Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, was evaluated against 2nd and 3rd larval instars of P. xylostella by adopting leaf dip and direct spraying methods under laboratory conditions. Significant mortality rate was achieved by each fungus under adopted methodologies. However, B. bassiana was found to be more effective in both conditions than M. anisopliae. Highest mean corrected mortality (77.80%) was recorded, when spores of B. bassiana were sprayed on the 2nd instar larvae (LC50=1.78×104/ml) after the 6th day of treatment. Similarly, incase of M. anisopliae LC50 for the 2nd instar at the same methodology was 2.78×104/ml with a mortality percentage of 70.0%. Offspring sex ratio was non-significantly related to treatment concentration and methodology, except for the control. Conclusion Beauveria bassiana and M. anisopliae had potential to suppress P. xylostella infestations when applied appropriately. Present findings suggested that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae when sprayed on immatures of host insect had more effect as compared to leaf dip procedure. Furthermore, no significant effect of concentrations was observed on sex ratio.

scholarly journals Investigating the Parasitoid Community Associated with the Invasive Mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis in Southern China

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Hua-Yan Chen ◽  
Hong-Liang Li ◽  
Hong Pang ◽  
Chao-Dong Zhu ◽  
Yan-Zhou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Phenacoccus Solenopsis

The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an emerging invasive insect pest in China. Hymenopteran parasitoids are the key organisms for suppressing populations of P. solenopsis in the field, and therefore could be used as biological agents. Accurate identification of the associated parasitoids is the critical step to assess their potential role in biological control. In this study, we facilitated the identification of the parasitoid composition of P. solenopsis using an integrated approach of species delimitation, combining morphology with molecular data. Eighteen Hymenoptera parasitoid species belonging to 11 genera of four families are recognized based on morphological examination and molecular species delimitation of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene and the 28S rDNA using the automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD) and the Bayesian Poisson tree processes model (bPTP). Among these species, eight species are primary parasitoids with Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) being the dominant taxon, while the other 10 species are probably hyperparasitoids, with a prevalence of Cheiloneurus nankingensis Li & Xu (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). These results indicate that parasitoid wasps associated with P. solenopsis from China are diverse and the integrated taxonomic approach applied in this study could enhance the accurate identification of these parasitoids that should be assessed in future biological control programs.

scholarly journals Identification of Fusarium Species Isolated From Stored Apple Fruit in Croatia / Identifikacija Vrsta Roda Fusarium Izoliranih S Plodova Jabuke Nakon Skladištenja

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdravka Sever ◽  
Dario Ivić ◽  
Tomislav Kos ◽  
Tihomir Miličević
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fusarium Avenaceum ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Fusarium Rot ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Apple Fruits

AbstractSeveral species of the genus Fusarium can cause apple fruit to rot while stored. Since Fusarium taxonomy is very complex and has constantly been revised and updated over the last years, the aim of this study was to identify Fusarium species from rotten apples, based on combined morphological characteristics and molecular data.We identified 32 Fusarium isolates from rotten apple fruit of cultivars Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Idared, and Pink Lady, stored in Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) conditions. Fusarium rot was detected in 9.4 % to 33.2 % of naturally infected apples, depending on the cultivar. The symptoms were similar in all four cultivars: a soft circular brown necrosis of different extent, with or without visible sporulation. Fusarium species were identified by the morphology of cultures grown on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). Twenty one isolates were identified as Fusarium avenaceum and confirmed as such with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primer pair FA-ITSF and FA-ITSR. F. pseudograminearum,F. semitectum, F. crookwellense, and F. compactum were identified by morphological characteristics. F.avenaceum can produce several mycotoxins and its dominance in Fusarium rot points to the risk of mycotoxin contamination of apple fruit juices and other products for human consumption. Pathogenicity tests showed typical symptoms of Fusarium rot in most of the inoculated wounded apple fruits. In this respect Fusarium avenaceum, as the dominant cause of Fusarium rot in stored apple fruits is a typical wound parasite.

scholarly journals Discovery of the first succulent bamboo (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) in a new genus from Laos’ karst areas, with a unique adaptation to seasonal drought

PhytoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 125-137
Author(s):  
Thomas Haevermans ◽  
Dulce Mantuano ◽  
Meng-Yuan Zhou ◽  
Vichith Lamxay ◽  
Agathe Haevermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Seasonal Drought ◽  
Paper Document ◽  
Woody Bamboos ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

Lush jungle flagship species, woody bamboos (Poaceae–Bambusoideae) are famed for their synchronous flowering as well as the extensive “bamboo forests” some species can form in tropical or temperate environments. In portions of their natural distribution, Bambusoideae members developed various adaptations to seasonality in environmental parameters, such as frost or seasonal drought. A new taxon, Laobambos calcareus, described here, is extremely novel in showing the first documented case of succulence in bamboos, with its ability to seasonally vary the volume of its stem depending on the quantity of water stored. Anatomical studies presented in this paper document this specificity at the cellular level. Though no flowers or fruits are known yet, unique morphological characteristics along with an investigation of its phylogenetic affinities using molecular data show that this new taxon should belong to a new genus herein described.

The genus Cystoseira s.l. (Ochrophyta, Fucales, Sargassaceae) in the Black Sea: morphological variability and molecular taxonomy of Gongolaria barbata and endemic Ericaria crinita f. bosphorica comb. nov.

Phytotaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 480 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
SOFIA S. SADOGURSKA ◽  
JOÃO NEIVA ◽  
ANNALISA FALACE ◽  
ESTER A. SERRÃO ◽  
ÁLVARO ISRAEL
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Molecular Taxonomy ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Additional Tool

Brown algae of the genus Cystoseira sensu lato form the most diverse and productive marine ecosystems throughout the Mediterranean Sea and have equal roles also in the Black Sea where they have been decreasing in the recent years. The taxonomy of Cystoseira s.l. taxa from the Black Sea is still not well understood, and questions arise when related taxa have to be delimited. In addition to morphological descriptions, this study provides for the first time molecular data of the Black Sea Cystoseira s.l. distinct morphologies as an additional tool to clarify their identities and phylogenetic affinities. The analysis of two mitochondrial markers (cytochrome oxidase subunit 1—COI, and 23S-tRNAVal intergenic spacer—mt-spacer) showed that Cystoseira s.l. specimens from the Black Sea belong to two recently resurrected genera, namely Gongolaria and Ericaria. Molecular data confirm the morphological identification of G. barbata, which is characterized by high morphological plasticity in the Black Sea. The morphological data presented in this study support the transition of G. barbata to the genus Gongolaria, which was previously proposed based solely on genetic data. For the Black Sea endemic taxon C. bosphorica, sequence divergence suggests conspecificity with Mediterranean Sea species E. crinita and E. barbatula. However, considering original morphological characteristics of the taxon, its geographical isolation, and endemism, the new combination Ericaria crinita f. bosphorica comb. nov. is proposed.

scholarly journals Soil Nutrients Effects on the Performance of Durum Wheat Inoculated with Entomopathogenic Fungi

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Adrián González-Guzmán ◽  
Daniel Sacristán ◽  
Antonio Rafael Sánchez-Rodríguez ◽  
Vidal Barrón ◽  
José Torrent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Available Phosphorus ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship ◽  
Fungal Inoculation

Entomopathogenic fungi (EFs) are widely used as biological control agents. However, some strains of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum can also promote plant growth and increase nutrient uptake. We examined the effects of soil properties on the performance of Triticum durum inoculated by seed dressing with these EFs and grown on 12 agricultural soils. The plants were supplied with all nutrients except P and Zn (essential for yield and the grain quality of wheat). Fungal inoculation increased the grain yield and harvest index significantly with B. bassiana (17% and 14%, respectively) but not with M. brunneum (6% and 6%, respectively). The increase in grain yield was positively and moderately correlated with the soil available phosphorus (POlsen) in plants inoculated with B. bassiana and with the soil content in poorly crystalline Fe oxides with M. brunneum. In addition, the increase in aerial dry matter resulting from inoculation with B. bassiana was negatively correlated with soil available Zn. Furthermore, the observed increase in grain yields due to fungal inoculation resulted in P and Zn grain dilution (grain nutrient concentrations decrease). Inoculation with B. bassiana increased grain Zn uptake and the proportion of Zn in grain relative to that in aerial dry matter. Success in the mutualistic relationship between EF and wheat plants depends on the fungal strain and soil properties.

Molecular phylogeny of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) isolated from soils in Iran

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 815-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khosrow Chehri
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Fusarium Solani Species Complex

Members of Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are frequently isolated from soils, food, feeds, trees, and to some extent from humans and other animals. The taxonomic status of these fungi is being revised but no attempt has been made to identify those isolated in Iran, a mountainous country with a high biodiversity. The objective of the present research was to study the phylogenetic diversity of FSSC strains recovered from soils in Iran by analyzing morphological characteristics and DNA sequences. A total of 65 strains belonging to the FSSC were recovered from agricultural soils in western Iran. Based on differences in their morphological characters, 25 strains were selected for phylogenetic analysis employing translation elongation factor-1α (tef1) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences. Comparisons of DNA sequence data revealed that all isolates belonged to Fusarium falciforme, Fusarium keratoplasticum, Fusarium petroliphilum, the unnamed species FSSC 5, and unknown species of Fusarium, which represents a new lineage within members of Clade 3. Based on morphological features and phylogenetic study, F. keratoplasticum and F. petroliphilum were reported for the first time in Iran.

Cryptic species complexes in manipulative echinostomatid trematodes: when two become six

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. F. LEUNG ◽  
D. B. KEENEY ◽  
R. POULIN
Keyword(s):  
Cryptic Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Species Complexes

SUMMARYRecent studies have shown that some digenean trematodes previously identified as single species due to the lack of distinguishing morphological characteristics actually consist of a number of genetically distinct cryptic species. We obtained mitochondrial 16S and nuclear ITS1 sequences for the redial stages of Acanthoparyphium sp. and Curtuteria australis collected from snails and whelks at various locations around Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. These two echinostomes are well-known host manipulators whose impact extends to the entire intertidal community. Using phylogenetic analyses, we found that Acanthoparyphium sp. is actually composed of at least 4 genetically distinct species, and that a cryptic species of Curtuteria occurs in addition to C. australis. Molecular data obtained for metacercariae dissected from cockle second intermediate hosts matched sequences obtained for Acanthoparyphium sp. A and C. australis rediae, respectively, but no other species. The various cryptic species of both Acanthoparyphium and Curtuteria also showed an extremely localized pattern of distribution: some species were either absent or very rare in Otago Harbour, but reached far higher prevalence in nearby sheltered inlets. This small-scale spatial segregation is unexpected as shorebird definitive hosts can disperse trematode eggs across wide geographical areas, which should result in a homogeneous mixing of the species on small geographical scales. Possible explanations for this spatial segregation of the species include sampling artefacts, local adaptation by first intermediate hosts, environmental conditions, and site fidelity of the definitive hosts.

A revision of the Leptogium saturninum group in North America

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne F. STONE ◽  
James W. HINDS ◽  
Frances L. ANDERSON ◽  
James C. LENDEMER
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
Nrits Sequence

AbstractA revision of the North American members of the Leptogium saturninum group (i.e. species with long lower-surface hairs, isidia, and usually smooth upper surface) is presented based on molecular phylogenetic analyses of mtSSU and nrITS sequence data, together with an extensive morphological study. Three species supported by both molecular and morphological characteristics are recognized: L. acadiense sp. nov. (distinguished by granular saturninum-type isidia, medulla composed of irregularly arranged or perpendicular hyphae), L. cookii sp. nov. (distinguished by cylindrical saturninum-type isidia) and L. hirsutum (distinguished by hirsutum-type isidia and medulla composed of loosely intertwined hyphae). One species supported by morphological characteristics, but for which no molecular data could be generated, is also recognized: L. compactum sp. nov. (distinguished by hirsutum-type isidia and medulla composed of tightly packed hyphae). Finally, L. saturninum (distinguished by granular saturninum-type isidia and medulla composed of perpendicular and parallel hyphae) is supported by morphological characteristics but molecular data from geographically diverse populations, including those near the type locality, indicate that the morphologically defined species is paraphyletic. Leptogium burnetiae is excluded from North American based on morphological study of the type. The species are described and illustrated in detail, and are distinguished morphologically by their isidium development, morphology of mature isidia, and pattern of hyphae in the medulla in transverse sections near lobe margins. A key to the members of the L. saturninum group and related species is also presented.

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