Secular Trend, Seasonal Variation, Epidemiological Pattern, and Outcome of Traumatic Head Injuries Due to Road Traffic Accidents in Aseer, Saudi Arabia

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a leading cause of traumatic head injury (THI) and are regarded as a public health problem in Saudi Arabia. This hospital-based retrospective study aims to provide data on the frequency, type, and distribution of RTA-related THIs over the past decade; demonstrate their time trend and seasonality; and decipher age and sex differences in RTA-related THIs and their outcome. The results showed a decline in the number of RTA-related THIs between 2010 and 2019. The patients had a mean age of 26.16 ± 16.27 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 10.8:1. Head injury with multiple lesions was the most common diagnosis, followed by cerebral contusion and skull fracture (32.1%, 12.9%, and 11.2%, respectively). Subdural hematoma (SDH) and skull fracture were significantly more common in patients aged ≥60 years (standard residual > 1.96), and significantly less common in those aged ≤17 years (standard residual < 1.96), compared to other age groups. Males experienced significantly more SDHs than females (standard residual = −2.8, p = 0.029). The length of hospital stay was positively correlated with age (Spearman’s rho = 0.057, p = 0.046). No seasonal variation was found.

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The estimated cost of surgically managed isolated traumatic head injury secondary to road traffic accidents

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/2018.1.focus17796 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (5) ◽

pp. E7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Xinli You ◽

Boon S. Liew ◽

Azmin K. Rosman ◽

Kamarul Imran Musa ◽

Zamzuri Idris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Severe Head Injury ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Cost Of Care ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Traumatic Head Injury ◽

Traumatic Head ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Cost

OBJECTIVETraumatic brain injury due to road traffic accidents occurs mainly in the younger age group in which injury-related disability leads to long-term impact on employment and economic and social consequences across the lifespan. This study was designed to assign a monetary cost (in Malaysian ringgits [RM]) to the treatment of patients with surgically treated isolated traumatic head injury as determined up to 1 year after injury.METHODSRelevant resource items used were identified and valued using the direct measurement of costs method, cost accounting methods, standard unit costs method, fees, charges and/or market prices method. These values were then tabulated to generate the total costs for each patient, via a combination of macro-costing and micro-costing methods. Malaysian currency values were converted to US dollars according to the average conversion rate for the period from January to May 2016: RM1 = US$0.2452.RESULTSThis costing study analyzed data from 49 patients. The estimated cost for the 1st year of care for all patients was RM1,471,919.80 (US$360,914.735), with a mean (± SD) cost per case of RM30,039.18 ± 22,986.25 or $7365.61 ± $5636.23. The mean cost of care per case was RM11,041.35 ± 10,936.88 or $2707.34 ± $2681.72 for mild head injury, RM32,550.00 ± 20,998.76 or $7981.26 ± $5148.90 for moderate head injury, and RM36,917.86 ± 23,697.34 or $9052.26 ± $5810.59 for severe head injury. Severe head injury (p = 0.001), sustaining 2 or more intracranial pathologies (p = 0.01), having a poor Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score (GOS score 1–3) (p = 0.02), requiring a tracheostomy (p < 0.001), and contracting pneumonia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher cost. Logistic regression analysis revealed that cost of care increased by RM591.60 or $145.06 per year increment of age (β = RM591.60, p = 0.05).CONCLUSIONSThe mean cost of treatment for traumatic head injury is high compared to the per capita income of RM37,900 in 2016. The cost values generated in this study provide baseline cost estimates that the authors hope will be used as a guide to determine where adequate funding should be allocated to provide timely and appropriate delivery of care.

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DEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DEATHS DUE TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS, EXAMINED IN DR. S.N. MEDICAL COLLEGE, JODHPUR (RAJ.)

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i8.1364 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Kana Ram Patel ◽

Jagdish Jugtawat ◽

Shalender Kumar ◽

P.C. Vyas

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Subdural Hemorrhage ◽

Age Group ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Medical College ◽

Male To Female

Accidents are not due to external factors all the time but often they occur due to failure of control of self-conscience and free thoughts. Road Traffic Accidents is still the major cause of death worldwide including India. A retrospective study has been conducted in Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur (Raj.), in the year 2019 to study the pattern and distribution of Head Injuries of fatal road traffic accidents and to prepare the demographic profile of it. Out of total 901 cases, male to female ratio was 9:1, and commonest age group affected was 21-30 years (39.8%). Among total victims, Hindus were 748 (83%) and rests were Muslims 103 (11.4%) and other religions. Head injury was the most common injury, present alone in 509 cases (56.4%) and in 392 (43.6) cases along with other injuries. Skull fractures were found in 451 (50.5), in which linear/fissure fracture (32.9%) was most common. Most common bone fractured was temporal bone. The commonest variety of intracranial hemorrhage was subdural hemorrhage and craniotomy was done in 29 (3.2%) cases. Keywords: Accidents, Road traffic, Head injury, Fractures.

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Clinical characteristics and prognosis of traumatic head injury following road traffic accidents admitted in ICU “analysis of 694 cases”

European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery ◽

10.1007/s00068-017-0885-4 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 245-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hedi Chelly ◽

Mabrouk Bahloul ◽

Rania Ammar ◽

Ahmed Dhouib ◽

Khaireddine Ben Mahfoudh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Traumatic Head Injury ◽

Traumatic Head

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An Analysis of Aetiology, Pattern and Outcome of Head Injury in Trauma Patients

PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICAL RESEARCH - 2 ◽

10.47799/pimr.0903.05 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

Sudatta Waghmare ◽

ashish Aswar ◽

Hiranya Deka ◽

Aman Singh ◽

Arjav Nanavati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Head Injury ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Associated Injury

Abstract Background: Head injury is considered as a major health problem in developed and developing nations. Analysis of etiology, patterns, and outcome of head injury in trauma patient is essential for understanding and planning for better management. Materials and Methods: The prospective observational study carried out among patients who presented with head injury at the tertiary care hospital, Mumbai from July 2015 to July 2017. Demographic details recorded were age, sex, blood pressure on arrival, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, the interval between injury and admission, associated injury, co-morbidities, hospital stay, and outcome. Results: The age group at which maximum patients of head injury were admitted was 18-29 years (31%) followed by 40-49 years (21%). Eighty one percent patients were males and 19% patients were females, the male to female ratio being 4:1. Road traffic accidents (36% cases) were the commonest cause leading to acute head injury followed by accidental fall (21% cases). 47% patients presented with mild head injury according to GCS. Conclusion: Head injuries mainly caused by vehicular accidents and affect mainly the young men. Road traffic accidents were the commonest mode of head injury, but railway accident had the worst outcome in our study. Factors associated with outcome were Pre-hospital delay, GCS on arrival, Blood pressure on arrival, Associated injury, Need for ventilator support, CT scan findings.

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Epidemiology and Treatment Outcomes of Head Injury in Bangladesh: Perspective from the Largest Tertiary Care Hospital

Indian Journal of Neurotrauma ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1718780 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sukriti Das ◽

Bipin Chaurasia ◽

Dipankar Ghosh ◽

Asit Chandra Sarker

Keyword(s):

Head Injury ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Head Injuries ◽

Skull Fracture ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Acute Subdural Hematoma ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Female Ratio ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

The Government

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Economic impact is much worse in developing countries like Bangladesh, as victims are frequently male, productive, and breadwinners of the families. Objectives The objective of our study was to highlight the etiological pattern and distribution of varieties of head injuries in Bangladesh and give recommendations regarding how this problem can be solved or reduce to some extent at least. Methods From January 2017 to December 2019, a total of 14,552 patients presenting with head injury at emergency got admitted in Neurosurgery department of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital and were included in this study. Results The most common age group was 21 to 30 years (36%: 5,239) with a male-to-female ratio of 2.6:1. Injury was mostly caused by road traffic accident (RTA [58.3%: 8,484]), followed by fall (25%: 3,638) and history of assault (15.3%: 2,226). The common varieties of head injury were: acute extradural hematoma (AEDH [42.30%: 1,987]), skull fracture either linear or depressed (28.86%: 1,347), acute subdural hematoma (ASDH [12.30%: 574]), brain contusion (10.2%: 476), and others (6.04%: 282). Conclusion RTA is the commonest cause of TBI, and among them motor bike accident is the severe most form of TBI. AEDH is the commonest variety of head injuries. Proper steps taken by the Government, vehicle owners, and drivers, and proper referral system and prompt management in the hospital can reduce the mortality and morbidity from TBI in Bangladesh.

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Traumatic Brain Injury Patterns on Ct Scan: A Comparison of Motorcyclist Versus Passenger Vehicle Patients Involved in Road Traffic Accidents

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v16i1.1189 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Radhiana Hassan ◽

Muniruddin Mohamad ◽

Muhamad Zaim Azami ◽

Husin Ali ◽

Hafizah Pasi

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Skull Fracture ◽

Common Finding ◽

Subdural Hemorrhage ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Passenger Vehicle ◽

Injury Patterns

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury following road traffic accidents is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in Malaysia. We aim to determine the differences of traumatic brain injury patterns based on CT findings among motorcyclist versus passenger vehicle patients involved in road traffic accidents. Materials and method: This retrospective study was conducted in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA), Kuantan, Pahang. A total of 100 CT scan brains of patients who were involved in road traffic accidents were retrieved and reviewed, 50 of them were motorcyclists and the other 50 were passenger vehicles. Results: Fifty percent of the motorcyclists had an abnormal CT brain finding while only 24% of the passenger vehicle showed abnormal finding. Among motorcyclist, skull fracture was the most common finding (30%) followed by subdural hemorrhage (28%). Among passenger vehicle, the most common finding was subdural hemorrhage (10%) followed by subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraparenchymal haemorrhage and skull fracture (8% each). The motorcyclist had significantly higher rate of subdural haemorrhage, extradural haemorrhage, intraparenchymal contusion and skull fracture compared to passenger vehicle patients with p value of 0.02, 0.03, 0.007 and 0.005 respectively. Conclusion: The occurrence of traumatic brain injury was significantly higher among the motorcyclist compared to passenger vehicle patients involved in road traffic accidents. The findings of this study highlighted the need for taking further measures to increase safety among the motorcyclists.

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Visual Function of Drivers and its Relation to the Occurrence of Road Traffic Accidents in Saudi Arabia

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2021.6787 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (B) ◽

pp. 1016-1020

Author(s):

Sulaiman Aldakhil ◽

Godwin Ovenseri-Ogbomo ◽

Majid Moafa ◽

Waleed Alghamdi ◽

Muhammed Alluwimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Binocular Vision ◽

Visual Function ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Health Examination ◽

Road Traffic Accidents ◽

Good Visual Acuity ◽

History Of ◽

Eye Examination

BACKGROUND: The mortality rate due to road traffic accidents (RTA) is significantly high in Saudi Arabia (SA) compared to other countries. The visual function which includes good visual acuity (VA) and binocular vision are very important factors that can contribute to the incidence of RTA. AIM: The aim of this study is to investigate the association between refractive errors (REs) and the RTA in SA. METHODS: A total of 354 participants (mean age 22.67 ± 3.22 years) were recruited randomly to participate in this study from the population of Qassim district. Data collected using the questionnaire included participants’ age, sex, and education level, ocular and medical history, driving history as well as history of RTA. Ocular health examination including VA, RE measurements, and binocular vision function vision was measured and analyzed. RESULTS: The results of this study show that 48.3% of drivers had some form of REs with 3.4% being visually impaired. 217 (61.3%) of participants have had an RTA, and 119 (54.9%) of them have had more than two accidents in the past two years. The findings show no significant association between the occurrence of RTA and uncorrected REs or binocular vision dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Our data showed significantly higher rate of RTA among Saudi drivers which is much higher than any country in the world. The current Saudi regulations for obtaining driving license need to be modified, with implementing a comprehensive eye examination prior to acquiring or renewing drivers’ licenses.

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