scholarly journals Associations between Fast-Food Restaurants Surrounding Kindergartens and Childhood Obesity: Evidence from China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 9334
Author(s):  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
Zhiping Zhen ◽  
Nan Zhao ◽  
Chenlin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Definition Of

The prevalence of obesity among preschool children has risen dramatically due to the influx of Western fast food in China. In this study, we aimed to provide clear evidence on the associations between fast-food restaurants and childhood obesity. We collected and combined three unique cross-sectional datasets: physical fitness data, geographic information, and the financial data of each kindergarten. The two-stage least squares were used for empirical analyses. The final data including 75,730 children were from 785 kindergartens in 82 cities and 23 provinces in China in 2018. The mean age of participants was 4.94 ± 0.87; 34,249 (45.2%) females and 41,481 (54.8%) males. The number of fast-food restaurants within 1, 2, and 3 km radii had a significant and positive correlation with obesity, and this correlation decreased as the radius increased. Furthermore, the distance to the nearest fast-food restaurant had a significant and negative correlation with obesity. Western fast-food restaurants contributed more to obesity than the broader definition of fast-food restaurants. There was marked heterogeneity between urban and rural areas. Our findings documented that fast-food restaurants had a significant and positive association with childhood obesity, thus the restriction of fast-food restaurants surrounding kindergartens might be considered.

scholarly journals Differences in Health Behavior Profiles of Adolescents in Urban and Rural Areas in a Korean City

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Myungah Chae ◽  
Kihye Han
Keyword(s):  
Health Behavior ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
High Level

Through a latent class analysis approach, we can classify individuals and identify subgroups according to health behavior patterns, and find evidence for the development of customized intervention programs to target high-risk groups. Our study aimed to explore differences in latent classes of health behaviors in adolescents by region (urban vs. rural areas) in a Korean city. This cross-sectional secondary analysis utilized data collected from all first graders’ student health checkups in middle school and high school in a city of the largest island in Korea in 2016 (n = 1807). Health behavior indicators included both healthy (consuming breakfast regularly, consuming vegetables daily, consuming milk daily, consuming fast food on a limited basis, engaging in vigorous physical activities, brushing teeth, and practicing hand hygiene) and unhealthy (drinking, smoking, and overusing the internet) behaviors. Nutritional and diet behaviors were important factors for classifying healthy and unhealthy adolescents in both regions. Approximately 11% of rural students belonged to the risky group, which was characterized by a high level of drinking alcohol and smoking. These results suggest that when developing health policies for adolescents, customized policy-making and education based on the targeted groups’ behavioral patterns could be more effective than a uniform approach.

scholarly journals Childhood Obesity: Is the Built Environment More Important Than the Food Environment?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117955652093212
Author(s):  
Wenes Pereira Reis ◽  
Mark Ghamsary ◽  
Caroline Galustian ◽  
Henrik Galust ◽  
Patti Herring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants ◽  
Parents Education

Obesity continues to be a health burden to society and new efforts may be needed to combat this epidemic. This study aims to investigate the contribution of parents education and level of income, food environment (grocery stores and fast food restaurants), and built environment (perceived safety, availability/quantity of parks) on childhood obesity. This cross-sectional observational study explored whether parents education and income level, built environment, and food environment can affect children with obesity. Participants were selected from 3 separate elementary schools located in an urban community with higher risk to have children with obesity in Montclair, California. Children living in families with low incomes have 2.31 times greater odds to be affected by obesity than children living in higher income homes. Children whose parents did not feel safe in their neighborhoods had odds of obesity 2.23 times greater than those who reported their neighborhoods as safe. Age also appeared to be a risk factor, and the odds of children affected by obesity among children 8 to 9 years was 0.79, and the odds of being affected by obesity among children 10 to 11 years of age was 0.36, when compared to children 6 to 7 years old. Findings suggest that low family income, perceptions of neighborhoods as unsafe, and young age are associated with higher body mass index (BMI) percentiles among children living in poor neighborhoods in Montclair, California.

PREVALENCE OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN SYRIA

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
HASAN OTHMAN ◽  
MOSTAFA SAADAT
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Consanguineous Marriage ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Coefficient Of Inbreeding

SummaryConsanguineous marriage is the union of individuals having at least one common ancestor. The present cross-sectional study was done in order to illustrate the prevalence and types of consanguineous marriages in the Syrian Arab Republic. Data on consanguineous marriages were collected using a simple questionnaire. The total number of couples in this study was 67,958 (urban areas: 36,574 couples; rural areas: 31,384 couples) from the following provinces: Damascus, Hamah, Tartous, Latakia, Al Raqa, Homs, Edlep and Aleppo. In each province urban and rural areas were surveyed. Consanguineous marriage was classified by the degree of relationship between couples: double first cousins (F=1/8), first cousins (F=1/16), second cousins (F=1/64) and beyond second cousins (F<1/64). The coefficient of inbreeding (F) was calculated for each couple and the mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) estimated for the population of each province, stratified by rural and urban areas. The results showed that the overall frequency of consanguinity was 30.3% in urban and 39.8% in rural areas. Total rate of consanguinity was found to be 35.4%. The equivalent mean inbreeding coefficient (α) was 0.0203 and 0.0265 in urban and rural areas, respectively. The mean proportion of consanguineous marriages ranged from 67.5% in Al Raqa province to 22.1% in Latakia province. The α-value ranged from 0.0358 to 0.0127 in these two provinces, respectively. The western and north-western provinces (including Tartous, Lattakia and Edlep) recorded lower levels of inbreeding than the central, northern and southern provinces. The overall α-value was estimated to be about 0.0236 for the studied populations. First cousin marriages (with 20.9%) were the most common type of consanguineous marriages, followed by double first cousin (with 7.8%) and second cousin marriages (with 3.3%), and beyond second cousin was the least common type.

scholarly journals Analysis of Risk Factors for Obesity in Urban Children in Some Elementary School in Jember Regency

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Jasmine Fachrunnisa ◽  
Cholis Abrori ◽  
Dwita Aryadina Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

The prevalence of obesity in children has steadily increased, not only in the world but also in Indonesia. Urban area as a central of economic led the higher prevalence of childhood obesity than in rural areas. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors associated with obesity among urban elementary school childrens in Jember. A cross sectional study was conducted with a total sample of 176 pupils. Anthropometric status determined using body mass index for age and obesity stated if z-score exceed >+2SD based on WHO 2007. The questionnaire about risk factors was filled with interview. Analysis data performed with univariate, bivarate, and multivariate analysis. This study showed the prevalence of obesity was 17%. Overall, our result showed that in non modifiable risk factors, the prevalence of obesity was significantly higher in children who had obese parent when compared to children who hadn't. Children who had obese parent had the more risk of obesity by 6 times. In modifiable risk factors, children who had meal more than 3 times per day had the more risk of obesity by 2 times. Drinking milk frequently according to Dietary Guideline for American 2015 has a protective factors against obesity.Keywords: childhood obesity, urban, risk factor

scholarly journals Lipid profiles and determinants of total cholesterol and hypercholesterolaemia among 25–74 year-old urban and rural citizens of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. e017465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Soe Htet ◽  
Marte Karoline Kjøllesdal ◽  
Wai Phyo Aung ◽  
Aye Nyein Moe Myint ◽  
Win Thuzar Aye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Hdl ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectiveThe first is to estimate the prevalence of dyslipidaemia (hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level), as well as the mean levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL, in the urban and rural Yangon Region, Myanmar. The second is to investigate the association between urban-rural location and total cholesterol.DesignTwo cross-sectional studies using the WHO STEPS methodology.SettingBoth the urban and rural areas of the Yangon Region, Myanmar.ParticipantsA total of 1370 men and women aged 25–74 years participated based on a multistage cluster sampling. Physically and mentally ill people, monks, nuns, soldiers and institutionalised people were excluded.ResultsCompared with rural counterparts, urban dwellers had a significantly higher age-standardised prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia (50.7% vs 41.6%; p=0.042) and a low HDL level (60.6% vs 44.4%; p=0.001). No urban-rural differences were found in the prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia and high LDL. Men had a higher age-standardised prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia than women (25.1% vs 14.8%; p<0.001), while the opposite pattern was found in the prevalence of a high LDL (11.3% vs 16.3%; p=0.018) and low HDL level (35.3% vs 70.1%; p<0.001).Compared with rural inhabitants, urban dwellers had higher age-standardised mean levels of total cholesterol (5.31 mmol/L, SE: 0.044 vs 5.05 mmol/L, 0.068; p=0.009), triglyceride (1.65 mmol/L, 0.049 vs 1.38 mmol/L, 0.078; p=0.017), LDL (3.44 mmol/L, 0.019 vs 3.16 mmol/L, 0.058; p=0.001) and lower age-standardised mean levels of HDL (1.11 mmol/L, 0.010 vs 1.25 mmol/L, 0.012; p<0.001). In linear regression, the total cholesterol was significantly associated with an urban location among men, but not among women.ConclusionThe mean level of total cholesterol and the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia were alarmingly high in men and women in both the urban and rural areas of Yangon Region, Myanmar. Preventive measures to reduce cholesterol levels in the population are therefore needed.

Organisational Culture Dimensions And Employee Performance In Nigerian Fast Food Restaurants

GIS Business ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070-1096
Author(s):  
Friday Ogbu Edeh ◽  
Joy Nonyelum Ugwu ◽  
Isaac Monday Ikpor ◽  
Anthony Chukwuma Nwali ◽  
Chimeziem C. Gabriela Udeze
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Organisational Culture ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Market Culture ◽  
Culture Dimensions ◽  
Clan Culture ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants

This study investigates the effect of organisational culture dimensions on employee performance in Nigerian fast food restaurants using cross-sectional survey. Forty fast food restaurants were selected using simple random sampling. Nine hundred and twenty five employees were surveyed. Sample size of two hundred and seventy two was ascertained with Krejcie and Morgan. Method for data collection is questionnaire. Two hundred and thirty nine copies of questionnaire were retrieved out of two hundred and seventy two copies administered. Simple linear regression was used to analyse the hypotheses with the aid of IBM SPSS 20.0. This study found that organisational culture dimensions predicted with clan culture and market culture has a positive significant effect on employee performance. It concludes that organisational culture dimensions measured in terms of clan culture and market culture engenders employee performance through effectiveness and efficiency. One of the practical implications is that Nigerian fast food restaurant practitioners should clearly define their clan culture for newcomers to imbibe to enable them increase their performance.  

scholarly journals Association of Internet Addiction with Adolescents’ Lifestyle: A National School-Based Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Chan Ying Ying ◽  
S Maria Awaluddin ◽  
Lim Kuang Kuay ◽  
Cheong Siew Man ◽  
Azli Baharudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
School Based ◽  
Awareness Raising ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents is an issue of growing concern with adverse effects on adolescents’ health and social functioning. This study aims to determine the prevalence of IA among school-going adolescents in Malaysia and its associated factors—specifically, lifestyle factors. A nationwide cross-sectional school-based health survey was conducted in 2017 among 27,497 students from 212 randomly selected secondary schools. Information regarding sociodemography, lifestyle, and internet use was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. IA was measured using the Malay Version of Internet Addiction Test (MVIAT). The prevalence of internet addiction was 29.0%. A multivariable logistic analysis revealed that inadequate fruit and vegetable intakes, consumed carbonated soft drinks at least once a day, consumed fast food at least three days/week, sedentary behavior, current E-cigarette users, and ever/current alcohol drinkers were lifestyle factors significantly associated with IA. Adolescents from urban schools, of higher school grade, and those whose parents are married but living apart were also found to have a greater risk for internet addiction. A positive association was found between IA with unhealthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors among adolescents. The modification of lifestyle factors needs to be considered while developing strategies and interventions for awareness-raising and prevention of IA among adolescents.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Awareness of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors among the Lebanese Population: A Prospective Study Comparing Urban to Rural Populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqbal Fahs ◽  
Zainab Khalife ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Mohammad Iskandarani ◽  
Pascale Salameh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Undiagnosed Hypertension ◽  
Lebanese Population ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction. CVDs are largely driven by modifiable risk factors. This study sought to determine the awareness and prevalence of the modifiable CVDs risk factors among the Lebanese population.Methods. In a cross-sectional survey, 1000 participants aged ≥ 45 years were randomly selected from pharmacies and interviewed. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 21.0 software.Results. Differences between urban and rural areas include alcohol consumption (2.8% versus 1.7%;p=0.0001), cardioprotective vegetable servings (6.1% versus 2.3%;p=0.016), sedentary hours per day (18.6% versus 15.1%;p=0.002), and hypertension (38.5% versus 25.4%;p=0.001). The prevalence of overweight and obesity (77.3% versus 75.2%;p=0.468), smoking (39.3% versus 43.3%;p=0.232), diabetes (25.4% versus 21.4%;p=0.173), and dyslipidemia (25 versus 21.2%) was reported. Measurements revealed 19.3% of undiagnosed hypertension (12.4% versus 22.4%,p=0.001), 61.7% of hypertension (59.8% versus 62.6%;p=0.203), and 7.9% of undiagnosed diabetes (6.6% versus 8.6%;p=0.323). The declared awareness of CVDs risk factors was highest for smoking (91.5% versus 89.7%;p=0.339) and lowest for diabetes (54.4 versus 55.7%;p=0.692).Conclusion. This study has shown a high prevalence of modifiable CVDs risk factors in the Lebanese population ≥ 45 years, among which hypertension is the most prominent.

scholarly journals Frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and soft drinks: a comparative study among adolescents in urban and rural areas

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iza Cristina de Vasconcelos Martins Xavier ◽  
Carla Menêses Hardman ◽  
Maria Laura Siqueira de Souza Andrade ◽  
Mauro Virgilio Gomes de Barros
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To compare the frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and soft drinks among adolescents living in urban and rural areas of Pernambuco State. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on secondary analysis of data from a representative sample of high school students in Pernambuco (n = 4,207, 14 - 19 years) was conducted. Data were collected through a previously validated questionnaire. Adolescents who reported a daily consumption of soft drinks and occasional consumption of fruits, juices and vegetables were classified as exposed to inadequate standard of consumption of these foods. The independent variable was the place of residence (urban/rural). Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, χ2 test and binary logistic regression. Results: It was observed that students residing in rural areas had a higher prevalence of occasional consumption of natural fruit juices (37.6%; 95%CI 36.1 - 39.0) than those living in urban areas (32.1%; 95%CI 30.7 - 33.6). The proportion of students exposed to daily consumption of soft drinks was higher among those who reported they lived in urban areas (65.0%; 95%CI 63.5 - 66.4) compared to those who reported living in rural areas (55.3%; 95%CI 53.8 - 56.9). Conclusion: Adolescent students living in rural areas had a higher prevalence of low consumption of natural fruit juices while those residing in urban areas had a higher prevalence of daily consumption of soda drinks.

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