scholarly journals Environment in Children’s Health: A New Challenge for Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10445
Author(s):  
Francesca Mastorci ◽  
Nunzia Linzalone ◽  
Lamia Ait-Ali ◽  
Alessandro Pingitore
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Contaminant Exposure ◽  
Assessment Approach

In the last few years, many studies have focused on the effects of environmental contaminant exposure during the prenatal period or infancy as predictors of health outcomes in the future. In these time windows, due to their rapid growth, and physiologic and metabolic development, we can observe a higher vulnerability to the effects of environment, with respect to adulthood. The evidence of possible influences, partly mediated by epigenetic mechanisms, involve neurobehavioral responses and immune, endocrine, and respiratory systems, acting directly on the child or indirectly when mediated by placental transfer or breast feeding. In particular, due to a greater intake of air, food, and fluids relative to body weight, crawling behaviors and short stature, the risk of excessive exposure is greater in children. However, data on the long-term implications of early exposures are scarce. Additionally, so that physicians and institutions for child care and assistance of pregnant women can take actions to counteract the effects of chemical pollution (i.e., by educational opportunities), a risk assessment perspective that responds to the biocomplexity of the human being is needed. The present paper provides an overview of physiologic and behavioral characteristics during the perinatal period and in childhood, suggesting in a more integrated way, the need of a new risk-assessment approach to managing chronic disease in pediatric patients.

Antiviral pandemic risk assessment for urban receiving waters

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Oseltamivir Carboxylate ◽  
North East ◽  
Predicted Environmental Concentrations ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Exposure Levels

An 80% metabolic conversion of the Tamiflu® pro-drug (oseltamivir phosphate, OP) to its metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) and a high excretion rate combined with poor removal at sewage treatment works (STWs) means that potentially high STW OC emissions may occur in receiving waters. A risk assessment approach undertaken within the River Lee catchment in North East London indicates that predicted environmental concentrations for surface waters (PECsw) are likely to be in the general range of 40–80 μg L−1 during a pandemic sitaution within urban catchments having low dilution capacities. This implies low risk exposure levels which confirms previous studies, but there are considerable uncertainties associated with the methodology as well as risks that might result from persistent, long term chronic exposure to low-level water and sediment concentrations which might be mobilised under subsequent extreme flow conditions.

scholarly journals An exploratory study of perinatal hair cortisol concentrations in mother–infant dyads with severe psychiatric disorders versus healthy controls

BJPsych Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlinde W. Broeks ◽  
Vandhana Choenni ◽  
Rianne Kok ◽  
Bibian van der Voorn ◽  
Ineke de Kruijff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Maternal Psychopathology ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Maternal Psychiatric Disorders

Background Maternal psychopathology during pregnancy is associated with negative outcomes in offspring. Increased placental transfer of maternal cortisol may contribute to mediate this association. Hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) appear to be a good biomarker of long-term prenatal stress exposure. Little is known about the associations between severe maternal psychopathology and perinatal infant HCCs. Aims We assessed HCCs in the perinatal period in mother–infant dyads with and without severe psychiatric disorders. Method We examined group differences in HCCs of mother–infant dyads (n = 18) subjected to severe maternal psychiatric disorders versus healthy control dyads (n = 27). We assessed the correlation of HCCs between mother and infant within both groups, and the association between current maternal symptoms and HCCs in patient dyads. Results Median (interquartile range) and distribution of HCC differed in patients compared with control mothers (U = 468.5, P = 0.03). HCCs in infants of patients did not differ from control infants (U = 250.0, P = 0.67). Subsequently, we found that HCCs within healthy control dyads were correlated (n = 27, r 0.55 (0.14), P = 0.003), but were not within patient dyads (n = 18, r 0.082 (0.13), P = 0.746). HCCs in infants of patients showed a positive correlation with maternal symptoms (n = 16, r = 0.63 (0.06), P = 0.008). Conclusions These preliminary findings suggest that infant HCC reflect perinatal stress exposure. In infants, these early differences could influence lifetime hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis functioning, which might be associated with increased susceptibility to later disease.

Increase associated risk of gynaecological cancer due to long-term exposure to high concentration of atmospheric SO2 industrial pollutant

2021 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2110036
Author(s):  
Qian Xu ◽  
Chan Lu ◽  
Rachael Gakii Murithi ◽  
Lanqin Cao
Keyword(s):  
Time Windows ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Gynaecological Cancer ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring Stations ◽  
Control Study

A cohort case–control study was conducted in XiangYa Hospital, Changsha, China, which involved 305 patients and 399 healthy women, from June 2010 to December 2018, to evaluate the association between Chinese women’s short- and long-term exposure to industrial air pollutant, SO2 and gynaecological cancer (GC). We obtained personal and family information from the XiangYa Hospital electronic computer medical records. Using data obtained from the air quality monitoring stations in Changsha, we estimated each woman’s exposure to the industrial air pollutant, sulphur dioxide (SO2), for different time windows, including the past 1, 5, 10 and 15 years before diagnosis of the disease. A multiple logistic regression model was used to assess the association between GC and SO2 exposure. GC was significantly associated with long-term SO2 exposure, with adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 1.56 (1.10–2.21) and 1.81 (1.07–3.06) for a per interquartile range increase in the past 10 and 15 years, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that different groups reacted in different ways to long-term SO2 exposure. We concluded that long-term exposure to high concentration of industrial pollutant, SO2 is associated with the development of GC. This finding has implications for the prevention and reduction of GC.

Lethal and long-term effects of landfill leachate on Eisenia andrei earthworms: Behavior, reproduction and risk assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 112029
Author(s):  
Sidney Fernandes Sales Junior ◽  
Camille Ferreira Mannarino ◽  
Daniele Maia Bila ◽  
Cláudio Ernesto Taveira Parente ◽  
Fábio Veríssimo Correia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Landfill Leachate ◽  
Eisenia Andrei ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals When a Neonate Is Born, So Is a Microbiota

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Alessandra Coscia ◽  
Flaminia Bardanzellu ◽  
Elisa Caboni ◽  
Vassilios Fanos ◽  
Diego Giampietro Peroni
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Assisted Reproduction Techniques ◽  
Neonatal Nutrition ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

In recent years, the role of human microbiota as a short- and long-term health promoter and modulator has been affirmed and progressively strengthened. In the course of one’s life, each subject is colonized by a great number of bacteria, which constitute its specific and individual microbiota. Human bacterial colonization starts during fetal life, in opposition to the previous paradigm of the “sterile womb”. Placenta, amniotic fluid, cord blood and fetal tissues each have their own specific microbiota, influenced by maternal health and habits and having a decisive influence on pregnancy outcome and offspring outcome. The maternal microbiota, especially that colonizing the genital system, starts to influence the outcome of pregnancy already before conception, modulating fertility and the success rate of fertilization, even in the case of assisted reproduction techniques. During the perinatal period, neonatal microbiota seems influenced by delivery mode, drug administration and many other conditions. Special attention must be reserved for early neonatal nutrition, because breastfeeding allows the transmission of a specific and unique lactobiome able to modulate and positively affect the neonatal gut microbiota. Our narrative review aims to investigate the currently identified pre- and peri-natal factors influencing neonatal microbiota, before conception, during pregnancy, pre- and post-delivery, since the early microbiota influences the whole life of each subject.

Impact of changes of horse movement regulations on the risks of equine infectious anemia: A risk assessment approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 ◽  
pp. 105319
Author(s):  
Gustavo Machado ◽  
Luis Gustavo Corbellini ◽  
Alba Frias-De-Diego ◽  
Gustavo Nogueira Dieh ◽  
Diego Viali dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Equine Infectious Anemia

scholarly journals COVID-19 in Dental Settings: Novel Risk Assessment Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 6093
Author(s):  
Ali Alsaegh ◽  
Elena Belova ◽  
Yuriy Vasil’ev ◽  
Nadezhda Zabroda ◽  
Lyudmila Severova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Infectious Risk ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak is a public health emergency of international concern, and this emergency led to postponing elective dental care procedures. The postponing aimed to protect the public from an unknown risk caused by COVID-19. At the beginning of the outbreak, for public health authorities, the aerosol-generating procedures and the close proximity between dental care workers and patients in dentistry represented sufficient justification for the delay of dental visits. Dental care is a priority, and for many years, studies have proven that the lack and delay of dental care can cause severe consequences for the oral health of the general population, which can cause a high global burden of oral diseases. Safety is necessary while resuming dental activities, and risk assessment is an efficient method for understanding and preventing the COVID-19 infectious threats facing the dental industry and affecting dental care workers and patients. In this study, for safe dental care delivery, we adapted risk assessment criteria and an approach and an occupational classification system. Based on those tools, we also recommend measures that can help to minimize infectious risk in dental settings.

Active Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Dietary Supplements: a Tier-Based Risk Assessment Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 104955
Author(s):  
Suren B. Bandara ◽  
Ania Urban ◽  
Lisa G. Liang ◽  
Jillian Parker ◽  
Ernest Fung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Pharmaceutical Contaminants ◽  
Assessment Approach

scholarly journals Mental health consequences of home demolition policy towered Palestinians: Literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Marie ◽  
Sana SaadAdeen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Family Home ◽  
Study Type ◽  
Type Sample

Abstract Abstract Home demolition is considered a miserable and frequent reality of life for thousands of Palestinian people. Recently, in January 2020, at least 44 structures were demolished by Israeli forces, displacing at least 87 people. Studies have revealed high levels of stress was associated with losing a family home during home demolition, and the stress doesn’t only carry out immediate effects but also long-term mental consequences. This paper aims to provide an overview of the literature and established studies related to the mental health consequences of home demolitions in Palestine. Methods PubMed, Science Direct, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar were used to search for materials for the critical analysis of empirical articles. The following aspects were taken into consideration: study type, sample, and key findings. Results In this review, nine studies related to mental health consequences of home demolition were found and considered in this paper. The results indicate depression, stress, anxiety, phobias and lack of hope in the future are mutual themes running throughout the lives of those Palestinian families who have actually experienced home demolition along with those who have experienced a constant threat of demolition to their homes. In addition, many of life stressors such as lack of educational opportunities, low incomes, and a tendency to live in poor housing conditions after and before demolition also play a role in developing serious mental disorders. Conclusion As primary prevention, the practice of home demolition in Palestine has to be ended. In addition to conduct a constant monitoring of the resulting displacement and the damage caused, and ensuring the necessary assistance in particular mental health and psychological support for victims of home demolitions.

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