scholarly journals Perceptions of School Management on the Relationship between School Nutrition and Development of Non-Communicable Diseases in a Rural South African District: A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Sibusiso Cyprian Nomatshila ◽  
Teke Ruffin Apalata ◽  
Sikhumbuzo A. Mabunda
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
School Management ◽  
School Nutrition ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Management Teams ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vendor System

Globally, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) were responsible for 41 million deaths in 2016, with the majority of these occurring in low- and middle-income countries. These diseases are on the rise as a result of unhealthy, low-quality, and unbalanced diets, which have resulted in overweight and obesity. The National School Nutrition Program (NSNP) was created to regulate the foods sold to schoolchildren. The aim of this study was to ascertain school management teams’ perspectives on the relationship between the NSNP and the development of lifestyle diseases. A phenomenological qualitative study using focus group discussions among 16 purposively selected members of the school management teams were conducted in Mt Frere, Eastern Cape in 2016. The narrative data were analyzed using Tesch’s eight-phase thematic analysis approach. The data analysis revealed two themes (NSNP and the vendor system) and six sub-themes. The NSNP was viewed as making a significant contribution to children’s food security, thereby improving academic output. However, reengineering of the NSNP was needed through improved budgeting and inclusion of breakfast in the menu to control NCDs risk factors. The current implementation of the vendor system did not support reduction of NCDs risk factors. Improved implementation of the guide to the vendor system is needed.

scholarly journals Perceptions of School Management on the Relationship between School Nutrition and Development of Non-communicable Diseases in a Rural South African District: A Qualitative Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sibusiso C. Nomatshila ◽  
Teke R. Apalata ◽  
Sikhumbuzo A. Mabunda
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
School Management ◽  
School Nutrition ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Management Teams ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Vendor System

Globally, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) were responsible for 41 million deaths in 2016, with the majority of these occurring in low and middle-income countries. These diseases were on the rise as a result of unhealthy, low-quality, and unbalanced diets, which resulted in overweight and obesity. The National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) was created to regulate the foods sold to schoolchildren. To ascertain school management teams' perspectives on the relationship between the NSNP and the development of lifestyle diseases. A phenomenological qualitative study using Focus Group Discussions among 16 purposively selected members of the School Management Teams were conducted in Mt Frere, Eastern Cape in 2016. The narrative data was analyzed using Tesch's eight-phase thematic analysis approach. The data analysis revealed two themes (NSNP and the vendor system) and six sub-themes. The NSNP was viewed as making a significant contribution to children's food security, thereby improving academic output. However, reengineering of the NSNP was need through improved budgeting and inclusion of breakfast in the menu to control NCDs risk factors. The current implementation of the vendor system did not support reduction of NCDs risk factors. Improved implementation of the guide to vendor system is needed.

scholarly journals Availability of ultra-processed food associated with health outcomes: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Pereira de Araújo ◽  
M Moraes ◽  
V Magalhães ◽  
C Afonso ◽  
S Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Research Association ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Household Budget ◽  
Household Budget Surveys

Abstract Background Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption increases worldwide, which can be harm to population's health. To establish associations between UPF and health outcomes, food consumption can be assessed individually or by using availability data, such as purchase lists or household budget surveys. The aim of this review was to search for studies on the availability of UPF related with mortality and morbidity from noncommunicable diseases or their risk factors. Methods PRISMA guideline was used. Searches were performed on PubMED, EBSCO, Scopus and Web of Science on December 2019. Search strategy included terms related with exposure (UPF) and outcomes (mortality or morbidity from noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors). Studies were selected based on the title and abstracts. Full texts were screened for eligibility and the snowballing method was used to find other relevant studies. To be based on UPF availability data and its relation with health outcomes were the inclusion criteria. Studies that assessed only food consumption at an individual level and did not present health outcome were excluded. Selection was conducted by two reviewers and a third helped when disagreement occurred. Results After duplicates removal, 560 records were analyzed. From the 11 eligible studies, 55% were conducted in more than one country. Others were performed in Brazil (27%), Guatemala (9%) and Sweden (9%). Studies were ecological (64%), cross-sectional (27%) and longitudinal (9%). All had representative samples, 45.5% were national samples, and the others were from particular population subgroups. In all studies, the only health outcomes that showed positive association with UPF availability were overweight and obesity prevalence. Conclusions Studies relating ultra-processed food availability and health outcomes are mainly focused on overweight and obesity. It is thus necessary to further explore the relationship between UPF availability and other health outcomes. Key messages It is necessary to further research association between ultra-processed food availability and other health outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, diabetes or cancer. Purchase lists or household budget surveys are an important source of food availability data and can be used to relate the consumption of ultra-processed foods to health outcomes.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Perception of Metabolic Syndrome Among Thai Buddhist Monks in a Rural Community, Central Thailand: A Mixed-Methods Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annop Kittithaworn ◽  
Prempreeda Wongprasert ◽  
Worathon Worasangkart ◽  
Noppawit Aiumtrakul ◽  
Surapong Saravutthikul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Early Screening ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Central Thailand

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is described as a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors that can increase the possibility of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. According to monastic rules, Thai Buddhist monks are not allowed to cook meals and do exercise. This unique lifestyle generally encompasses low physical activities and may cause several noncommunicable diseases. Thus, in this study, we aimed to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and perception of MetS among Thai Buddhist monks. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted among Thai Buddhist monks living in Tha Luang District, Lopburi Province, Central Thailand. Study participants completed a questionnaire inquiring about personal and health data, and they also underwent physical examination, including anthropometric measurements, before undergoing biochemical blood tests. MetS was defined based on the National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III (NCEP ATP3) criteria. A qualitative study using in-depth interview was conducted to determine the knowledge and perceptions regarding MetS among Thai Buddhist monks. Results In total, 96 Thai Buddhist monks were included in this study. The prevalence of MetS was 28.1%. Participants who had a body mass index of \(\ge\)25 kg/m2 were determined to have a higher risk of developing MetS (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.6–13.3). The in-depth interview revealed that participants’ perceptions were directly associated with their beliefs, experience, and basic healthcare knowledge. A qualitative study identified two primary factors of MetS among Thai Buddhist monks, viz., unhealthy diet and low physical activity. Conclusions MetS prevalence in Thai Buddhist monks was moderate compared with that reported by other studies. Medical providers and Buddhist devotees should cooperate in providing health promotion by donating healthy food, conducting annual health checkups, and arranging alternative exercises in a private area that correspond with the monastic rules. Therefore, early screening, treatment, and patient education are the most important factors to manage MetS in Thai Buddhist monks.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Hyperhomocysteinaemia and Associated Factors among Ethiopian Adult Population in a 2015 National Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Feyissa Challa ◽  
Tigist Getahun ◽  
Meron Sileshi ◽  
Bikila Nigassie ◽  
Zeleke Geto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Steps Survey ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor for major cardiovascular diseases, but data on the prevalence and predictors of HHcy in low- and middle-income countries like Ethiopia are scant. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of HHcy and associated risk factors in the Ethiopian adult population. A cross-sectional survey on risks of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) using the STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) survey was conducted between April and June 2015. A total of 4,175 study participants were surveyed. Serum homocysteine (Hcy) and metabolic profile were determined using Cobas Integra 400 Plus and CardioChek PA analyzer, respectively. Factors associated with HHcy were determined using logistic regression. The mean serum tHcy concentration was 14.6 μmol/L, with 16.4 μmol/L in males and 13.4 μmol/L in females. Overall, 38% had HHcy, with figures in males (49%) higher than females (30%). Increased age, being male, and high blood pressure and/or taking blood pressure medication, as well as low consumption of fruit and/or vegetables, were independent risk factors for HHcy. In conclusion, the prevalence of HHcy among the adult Ethiopian population is alarmingly high. Improving diets through the promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption is needed to reduce the risk of NCDs.

scholarly journals Lifestyle Risk Factors and the Population Attributable Fractions for Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Students of Zhejiang Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Gu ◽  
Siliang Zhou ◽  
Ke Lou ◽  
Rui Deng ◽  
Xingxiu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chinese Students ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽  
Population Attributable Fractions ◽  
Attributable Fractions ◽  
Lifestyle Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: To assess the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors and risk of overweight/obesity in Chinese students, and to evaluate the predicting prevalence of overweight if the lifestyle risk factors were removed.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 40,141 students in grade three and above (8–24yrs) in 2019 in Zhejiang Province, China. Physical examination was performed, and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect lifestyle information, including dietary behavior, physical activity, TV watching, sleeping, smoking, drinking, and tooth-brushing habits. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the relationship between overweight/obesity and a series of lifestyle factors. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were used to calculate the predicting prevalence of overweight/obesity if lifestyle risk factors were removed.Results: The prevalence of overweight/obesity of participants was 25.5% (male 32.3%, female 18.1%). Overweight/obesity were associated with adverse lifestyle factors, such as watch TV ≥1 h/day (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.11–1.22), insufficient sleep (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.11–1.22), and irregular toothbrushing habits (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01–1.39). Based on the calculated PAFs, the predicted prevalence of overweight/obesity would decline moderately if lifestyle factors were modified, with the magnitudes of decrease vary by sex, age and residence. Generally, a larger reduction was estimated if the sleeping time was increased and TV time was reduced, with the prevalence of overweight/obesity decreased by 1.1% (95% CI: 0.7, 1.5%) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.6, 1.2%), respectively.Conclusions: Predicted prevalence of overweight/ obesity in Chinese students may decrease if modifiable lifestyle risk factors were removed. The attributable risk for obesity of lifestyle behaviors varied in age, sex and residence groups. The findings of this study may provide insights for planning and optimizing future obesity intervention endeavors.

scholarly journals Body Mass Index and the Relationship with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Romania

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Carmen Denise Caldararu ◽  
Dorin Tarta ◽  
Raluca Pop ◽  
Mirela Gliga ◽  
Emilian Carasca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractObesity and chronic kidney disease are epidemic size. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) appears to be more common in obese, although interrelation is not supported by all authors.Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of overweight and obesity on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and other risk factors for CKD.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on 627 patients admitted in a Nephrology Department between January 2007 - December 2011. Patients were divided according to eGFR in a CKD group and a non-CKD group. Patients were divided based on BMI in: normal (<25 kg/m2), overweight (≥ 25 kg/m2 and ≤30 kg/m2) and obese (>30 kg/m2). Demographical, clinical and laboratory data (serum creatinine, lipid parameters, etc) were used for the statistical analysis. The relationship between BMI (as a marker of obesity and overweight), glomerular filtration rate and other possible risk factors for chronic kidney disease was studied.Results: 43.70% patients were obese and 33.17% overweight. CKD prevalence was 58.69%. Logistic regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure was the main determinant of CKD in our patients.Conclusion: Lack of association between BMI and CKD was demonstrated in our study.

scholarly journals Adaptation of a mobile phone health survey for risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in Colombia: a qualitative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1809841
Author(s):  
Angelica Torres-Quintero ◽  
Angela Vega ◽  
Dustin G. Gibson ◽  
Mariana Rodriguez-Patarroyo ◽  
Stephanie Puerto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases

scholarly journals Ultra-Processed Food Availability and Noncommunicable Diseases: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7382
Author(s):  
Taissa Pereira de Araújo ◽  
Milena M. de Moraes ◽  
Vânia Magalhães ◽  
Cláudia Afonso ◽  
Cristina Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Individual Level

Ultra-processed food (UPF) can be harmful to the population’s health. To establish associations between UPF and health outcomes, food consumption can be assessed using availability data, such as purchase lists or household budget surveys. The aim of this systematic review was to search studies that related UPF availability with noncommunicable diseases or their risk factors. PRISMA guidelines were used. Searches were performed in PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus and Web of Science in February 2021. The search strategy included terms related to exposure (UPF) and outcomes (noncommunicable diseases and their risk factors). Studies that assessed only food consumption at an individual level and did not present health outcomes were excluded. Two reviewers conducted the selection process, and a third helped when disagreement occurred. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used to assess the studies’ quality; 998 records were analyzed. All 11 eligible studies were ecological and assessed overweight and obesity as a health outcome, only one showed no positive association with UPF availability. Two studies included the prevalence of diabetes as an outcome, however no significant association was found with UPF availability. Studies relating UPF availability and health outcomes are focused on overweight and obesity. It is necessary to further explore the relationship between other health outcomes and UPF availability using purchase or sales data.

scholarly journals Price, Tax and Income Elasticity Effects on Smoking Intensities Among Urban Cigarette Smokers in Kenya: Double-Hurdle Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 195s-195s
Author(s):  
P. Kipkorir
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Elasticity Effects

Background: Rationally, tobacco use is enemy number one among risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. It is a widely and broadly established cause of cancer and also responsible for cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases. It has been estimated that there are >1.3 billion smokers worldwide, with ∼80% residing in low- and middle-income countries. More than 10% of all deaths resulting from noncommunicable diseases including cancer, cardiovascular, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes are related to tobacco and most of these occur in these low- and middle-income countries. In Kenya, >2.5 million of the population are adult smokers. Aim: Objectively, this abstract analyzed the price, tax and income elasticity effects on smoking intensities among the urban cigarette smokers for effective tobacco control in Kenya. Methods: The data used was sourced form the household and individual survey questionnaires from the Kenya Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2014. Double-hurdle model was used where the first part of the technique was to distinguish between the urban smokers and urban nonsmokers. The second part was to determine the smoking intensities among those who smoke and also to analyze the effect of price, tax and income elasticity on the individual consumption. Results: The study revealed that price of cigarette had a reducing (β = −2.2343) and very significant ( P < 0.001) elastic effect on smoking intensities among urban smokers while disposable income had a significant ( P < 0.010) but positive (β = −0.0366) inelastic effect on smoking levels of the urban cigarette smokers. Particularly, tax on cigarette has also been depicted to have a significant ( P < 0.001) yet positive and elastic (β = 1.7044) effect on smoking intensities on the urban cigarette smokers. Time spent in education has a significant ( P < 0.001) and negative (β = −3.2240) elastic effect on the smoking intensities of urban smokers. Notably, those who are married (β = −0.6320, P < 0.001) and employed (β = −0.5498, P < 0.010) have significant and negative though inelastic effect on their smoking intensities as compared with the unmarried and unemployed. Conclusion: Summarily, this implies that urban smokers have more income where the proportion spent on smoking is very small. Also, since tax is a function of income, it thus calls for the need to increase the rate of excise tax on cigarette so as to discourage consumption of cigarettes among the urban smokers and thus ultimately realizing and sustaining the health policy goals of reducing and averting the cancer risk factors. Furthermore, continuous use of cost-effective sensitization methods to create awareness and educate people on economic, social and health effects and impacts of tobacco use.

scholarly journals Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention In Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Overview of Health in All Policies (HiAP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 004695802092788
Author(s):  
Nweke Ebele Ndubuisi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Unhealthy Diet ◽  
Tobacco Usage ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Noncommunicable disease (NCD) causes about 35 million deaths and accounts for 60% of all deaths, of which 80% is in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). NCDs will account for 80% of the global burden of disease by 2020 and account for 7 out of every 10 deaths in LMIC. NCD is no longer an emerging problem in developing countries, it’s assuming an alarming dimension, and taking on the proportion of an epidemic. Several literatures document the known risk factors for significant NCDs. The critical risk factors are tobacco usage, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and detrimental usage of alcohol. To reverse the trend that leads to an increase in poor dietary patterns, sedentary lifestyle, tobacco use, and harmful alcohol use will need policies that transcend the health sector and policy change in different areas such as finance, urban planning, education, agriculture, and transportation.

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