scholarly journals Social, Economic and Human Capital: Risk or Protective Factors in Sexual Violence?

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Paola Ilabaca Baeza ◽  
José Manuel Gaete Fiscella ◽  
Fuad Hatibovic Díaz ◽  
Helena Roman Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Analysis ◽  
Structural Social Capital

In Chile, studies on protective factors and risk factors for sexual violence are limited and very few have incorporated analysis of different types of capital (social, economic, human) as social resources in the protection against sexual violence. The objective of this research is to evaluate to what extent the stock of different capitals act together, as either protective or risk factors in sexual violence in different interpersonal environments. The sample consisted of 1665 women between 15 and 30 years of age (M = 23.47, SD = 4.41). Artificial neural network analysis and social network analysis were used. The nodes representative of human and economic capital have a protective role of low relevance due to their position in the network, while the nodes of social capital acquire a structural relevance due to the central positions of the network. It is concluded that the structural social capital of neighborhood networks constitutes the main protective factor for sexual violence in all areas, and in turn, the structural social capital of networks with non-significant others was the main risk factor in sexual victimization.

Neighbourhood-level effects on psychoses: re-examining the role of context

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1413-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES B. KIRKBRIDE ◽  
CRAIG MORGAN ◽  
PAUL FEARON ◽  
PAOLA DAZZAN ◽  
ROBIN M. MURRAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Ethnic Density ◽  
Affective Psychoses ◽  
Neighbourhood Level

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe incidence of schizophrenia varies by individual-level characteristics and neighbourhood-level attributes. Few specific socio-environmental risk factors (SERFs) have been identified at the neighbourhood level. Cross-level interactions are poorly understood. We investigated these issues using data from the Aetiology and Ethnicity in Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses (AESOP) study.MethodAll incidence cases of ICD-10 schizophrenia (F20) and other non-affective psychoses (F21–29), aged 16–64 years, across 33 wards in Southeast London were identified over a 2-year period (1997–1999). Census data provided the denominator for each ward. Multilevel Poisson regression simultaneously modelled individual- and neighbourhood-level SERFs, including socio-economic deprivation, voter turnout (proxy for social capital), ethnic fragmentation (segregation) and ethnic density.ResultsA total of 218 subjects were identified during 565 576 person-years at risk. Twenty-three per cent of variance in incidence of schizophrenia across wards could be attributed to neighbourhood-level risk factors [95% confidence interval (CI) 9·9–42·2]. Thus, 1% increases in voter turnout [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0·95, 95% CI 0·92–0·99] and ethnic segregation (IRR 0·95, 95% CI 0·92–0·99) were both independently associated with a reduced incidence of 5%, independent of age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation and population density. This was similar for other non-affective psychoses. There was some evidence that ethnic minority individuals were at greater risk of schizophrenia in areas with smaller proportions of minority groups (p=0·07).ConclusionSERFs at individual and neighbourhood levels were implicated in the aetiology of psychosis, but we were unable to determine whether these associations were causal. Individual risk may be mediated by social capital, which could operate as a protective factor, perhaps moderating social stress in the onset of psychoses.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Risk Factors and Protective Role of Resilience and Coping Strategies for Emergency Stress and Secondary Trauma in Medical Staff and Emergency Workers—An Online-Based Inquiry

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Maiorano ◽  
Monia Vagni ◽  
Valeria Giostra ◽  
Daniela Pajardi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Secondary Trauma ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Emergency Workers ◽  
And Coping

The COVID-19 crisis has placed a heavy burden on medical staff and emergency workers, who may be at risk of developing psychological distress and secondary trauma. Coping and resilience to stress during a pandemic are protective factors that can mitigate the potential adverse psychological effects. Here, we investigated the direct and mediated effects of coping strategies and hardiness on secondary trauma among Italian medical staff (physicians and nurses, n = 140) and emergency workers (firefighters, civil protection, and ambulance personnel, n = 100) involved in the first phase of the pandemic. For this purpose, we collected data from participants through online questionnaires to measure emergency stress, coping strategies, hardiness, and secondary trauma. Other variables analyzed were age, sex, direct contact with COVID-19 patients, and use of personal protective equipment (PPE). We performed a correlational analysis, regressions, and a mediation analysis. The results show that nurses and physicians experienced higher levels of emergency stress than emergency workers. Direct contact with COVID-19 patients, female sex, unexpected events, and lack of PPE were risk factors for emergency stress, while resilience and coping strategies played a protective role. Mediation analysis shows that coping strategies and hardiness are protective factors and reduce the effect of stress on secondary trauma.

Is consumption of vegetables and fruit a protective factor against kidney cancer?

Open Medicine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-368
Author(s):  
Kateřina Azeem ◽  
Hana Tomášková ◽  
Dagmar Horáková ◽  
Silvie Magnusková ◽  
Jarmila Ševčíková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Kidney Cancer ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pickled Vegetables

AbstractThe role of vegetable and fruit consumption in the aetiology of kidney cancer was analyzed using data from a case-control study conducted in two centres in the Czech Republic between 1999 and 2003. The study comprised 300 patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed kidney cancer and 335 controls. Information on dietary habits was obtained using a standardized food frequency questionnaire including 23 food items. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression models. A strong protective effect of vegetables consumption on renal cell carcinoma risk was observed among people with high consumption of fresh vegetables (OR 0.42 95% CI (0.29–0.60)) and cooked vegetables (OR 0.71, 95% CI (0.51–1.00)). The protective role of fresh fruit was significant as crude OR 0.71, 95% CI (0.50–1.00), but after adjusting for the main risk factors no association was found (OR 1.08, 95% CI (0.71–1.64)). The protective role of pickled vegetables disappeared after adjustment for the main risk factors.

scholarly journals The identification of established modifiable mid-life risk factors for cardiovascular disease which contribute to cognitive decline: Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yebeen Ysabelle Boo ◽  
Otto-Emil Jutila ◽  
Meghan A. Cupp ◽  
Logan Manikam ◽  
Sung-Il Cho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Higher Educational Attainment

Abstract Introduction We explored how different chronic diseases, risk factors, and protective factors highly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are associated with dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in Korean elders, with a focus on those that manifest in mid-life. Methods A CVD-free cohort (n = 4289) from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging was selected to perform Cox mixed-effects proportional hazard regressions. Eighteen control variables with strong associations to CVD were chosen as explanatory variables, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score cut-off for dementia and MCI were used as outcome variables. Results The statistically significant (P < 0.05) adverse factors that contribute in developing dementia were age (aHR 1.07, 1.05–1.09), Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) (aHR 1.17, 1.12–1.23), diagnosis with cerebrovascular disease (aHR 3.73, 1.81–7.66), living with diabetes (aHR 2.30, 1.22–4.35), and living with high blood pressure (HBP) (aHR 2.05, 1.09–3.87). In contrast, the statistically significant protective factors against developing dementia were current alcohol consumption (aHR 0.67, 0.46–0.99), higher educational attainment (aHR 0.36, 0.26–0.56), and regular exercise (aHR 0.37, 0.26–0.51). The factors with a statistically significant adverse association with progression to MCI were age (aHR 1.02, 1.01–1.03) and CESD-10 (aHR 1.17, 1.14–1.19). In contrast, the statistically significant protective factors against developing MCI were BMI (aHR 0.96, 0.94–0.98), higher educational attainment (aHR 0.33, 0.26–0.43), and regular exercise (aHR 0.83, 0.74–0.92). Conclusion In lieu of the protective factor of MCI and dementia, implementing regular exercise routine well before mid-life and cognitive decline is significant, with adjustments made for those suffering from health conditions, so they can continue exercising despite their morbidity. Further attention in diabetes care and management is needed for patients who already show decline in cognitive ability as it is likely that their MCI impacts their ability to manage their existing chronic conditions, which may adversely affect their cognitive ability furthermore.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Descriptive Pilot Study on the Risk of Psychotic Disorders among Adolescents

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 916
Author(s):  
Carmen Cendrero-Luengo ◽  
María Jiménez-Palomares ◽  
Juan Rodríguez-Mansilla ◽  
Elisa María Garrido-Ardila
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Psychotic Disorder ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Adolescence is a key stage for the development of different mental disorders, particularly psychotic disorders. This stage of life is accompanied by new habits or behaviours that can make a person more vulnerable to developing a psychotic disorder or, on the contrary, play a protective role. Objective: To study the vulnerability to developing a psychotic disorder in adolescents and to analyse the main risk factors. Materials and methods: This is an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The data collection was conducted using the Prodromal Questionnaire Brief Version (PQ-B) test and a self-developed questionnaire based on the vulnerability–stress model. Results: Of the total sample (n = 44), 65.9% were male and 100% lived in a rural environment. In general, among risk factors (stress, alcohol and cannabis consumption, history, bullying, traumatic event and sedentary lifestyle), alcohol consumption and the presence of stress were found to have high values. Furthermore, a risk of psychosis was found in 38.6% of the studied population. Of this percentage of adolescents at risk, 64.7% consumed alcohol (p = 0.99) and 82.4% suffered from stress (p = 0.7161). The protective factor (physical activity) was found in more than half (59% p = 0.16). Conclusions: There is a high risk of psychosis among the young adolescents assessed in this study, where the explanatory factors identified with higher values were alcohol consumption and the presence of stress.

scholarly journals What influences the infection of COVID-19 in healthcare workers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1231-1237
Author(s):  
Xiaoquan Lai ◽  
Qian Zhou ◽  
Xinping Zhang ◽  
Li Tan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hospital Response

Introduction: The outbreak of COVID-19 has spread worldwide. The evidence about risk factors of healthcare workers who infected COVID-19 is limited. This study aims to describe characteristics and influencing factors of the COVID-19 infection in healthcare workers. Methodology: The study was performed among COVID-19 infected and uninfected healthcare workers in three hospitals in Wuhan. A total of 325 healthcare workers participated; among them 151 COVID-19-infected healthcare workers were included. Characteristics of infected healthcare workers, and influencing factors including exposure histories, the use of protective equipment in different risk conditions and areas, perceptions, emotions, satisfactions and educations were described and analyzed. Results: Healthcare workers got infected clustered mostly in the physical examination center. When performing general operations on confirmed or suspected patients, the use of protective equipment including the effectiveness of masks (p < 0.001), gloves (p < 0.001); and the use of gloves (p < 0.001), suits (p < 0.001), gowns (p < 0.001), shoe covers (p < 0.001), and hats (p < 0.001) were protective factors. The use of protective equipment was a protective factor in most cases. Negative emotions and dissatisfaction to the hospital response were associated with the increased risk of infection. Conclusions: The use of protective equipment, emotions and satisfactions to hospital responses are key COVID-19-infected factors. The awareness, the supply and the use of protective equipment, the layout of departments and other environmental and management factors should be strictly equipped. In addition, hospitals should also pay attention to emotions and satisfaction of healthcare workers.

scholarly journals FACTORES DE RIESGO Y PROTECTORES RELACIONADOS AL CONSUMO DE SUSTANCIAS PSICOACTIVAS EN ESTUDIANTES DE LA CARRERA DE ENFERMERÍA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE LOJA.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Diana Maricela Vuele Duma ◽  
Mónica Daniela García Tapia ◽  
Valeria Lisseth Guachisaca Pucha ◽  
Stefani Nicole Robles Valladares ◽  
Katiuska Lizbeth Villavicencio Acaro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nursing Students ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
National University ◽  
Factores De Riesgo ◽  
Nursing Career ◽  
Consumo De Sustancias

Introducción: El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) es un problema social de gran impacto en la salud de la población y no solamente se circunscribe a la edad adulta, sino que son los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, pueden incursionar en el consumo de una forma muy acelerada. Objetivo: establecer los factores de riesgo y protección relacionados al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en estudiantes de la Carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad Nacional de Loja. Métodos: investigación con enfoque cuantitativo, descriptiva y de corte transversal, con una muestra aleatoria de 30 estudiantes de la Carrera de Enfermería de la Universidad Nacional de Loja, se utilizó un cuestionario validado por expertos de factores de riesgo y protección para el consumo de drogas en jóvenes, con un Alpha de Cronbach de 0,906, y una confiabilidad a partir de 0,80, conformado por 53 ítems que evalúan la presencia/ausencia de seis factores agrupados en 6 dominios. Resultados: en ambos sexos las “Relaciones interpersonales” constituyen un factor protector con 36,67% en hombres y con 53,33% en mujeres, mientras que “preconceptos y valoración de las SPA”, representa un factor de riesgo en hombres 33,33% y en mujeres 40%, la “permisividad social y accesibilidad a las SPA” 46,66 % en mujeres. Conclusiones: los factores de riesgo más destacados corresponden a “preconceptos y valoración de las SPA”, “malestar emocional” y “permisividad social y accesibilidad a las SPA”; mientras que “relaciones interpersonales” y “habilidades sociales y de autocontrol” corresponden a los factores protectores más significativos.  Palabras claves: sustancias psicoactivas, estudiantes de enfermería, factores de riesgo de sustancias psicoactivas, factores protectores sustancias psicoactivas.  ABSTRACT  Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) is a social problem with a great impact on the health of the population and is not only limited to adulthood, but adolescents and young adults can enter into consumption in a way very accelerated. Objective: to establish the risk and protection factors related to the consumption of psychoactive substances in students of the Nursing Career of the National University of Loja. Methods: research with a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional approach, with a random sample of 30 students of the Nursing Career of the National University of Loja, a questionnaire validated by experts of risk and protective factors for drug use was used in young people, with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.906, and a reliability from 0.80, made up of 53 items that evaluate the presence/absence of six factors grouped into 6 domains. Results: in both sexes, "Interpersonal relationships" constitute a protective factor with 36.67% in men and 53.33% in women, while "preconceptions and assessment of PAS" represents a risk factor in men 33, 33% and in women 40%, the “social permissiveness and accessibility to SPAs” 46.66% in women. Conclusions: the most prominent risk factors correspond to "preconceptions and valuation of the SPA", "emotional distress" and "social permissiveness and accessibility of the SPA"; while "interpersonal relationships" and "social and self-control skills" correspond to the most significant protective factors.  Keywords: psychoactive substances, nursing students, nursing students, risk factors for psychoactive substances, protective factors psychoactive substances

scholarly journals Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Resiliensi Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan Pria: Studi Literatur

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Yunita Anggerina Koroh ◽  
Megah Andriany
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
External Factor ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Inmates ◽  
Psychological Balance

Introduction: Resilience has an important role for psychological balance of male inmates as a population which is more vulnerable to a decline in mental health. This is a descriptive qualitative study with a literature review research design. Methods: This study was a literature review by examining ten literatures that had passed the screening process according to the specified inclusion criteria. Results: The results of this study found that there are two factors which affecting the resilience of male inmates, namely protective factor and risk factor. The protective factors are internal factors: social competence and good self-acceptance; and external factor named social support. The risk factors are internal factor in the form of psychological character: impulsivity and external factor from the family namely history of childhood trauma. The resilience of male inmates is affected by two factors consisting of protective factors and risk factors. The protective factors contribute to the high resilience level and the risk factors contributes to the low resilience level of male inmates).

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS ON TOBACCO, ALCOHOL AND DRUGS IN ADOLESCENCE

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Mafalda Ferreira ◽  
Margarida Gaspar de Matos ◽  
José Alves Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Alcohol And Drugs ◽  
Key Words Adolescence

The purpose of this study is to analyse the relation between risk and protective factor and substance use in adolescence, including tobacco use, drunkenness and consumption of illicit drugs. The sample included 3494 students, mean age 15 years old, in the 8th and 10th grades from the public school system, of primary and secondary schools in Portugal. Data collection was held within the HBSC (Health Behavior in School-aged Children) survey from 2010. For the purpose of this specific study, the questionnaire includes questions about risk and protective behaviors and substance use, namely tobacco, drunkenness and illicit drug consumption. Results confirmed that adolescents with higher levels of protective factors seem to consume fewer substances and adolescents who present higher levels of risk factors are more likely to consume all the substances in the study. There were statistically significant differences for the majority of risk and protective behaviours regarding tobacco, drunkenness and illicit drugs. Although risk factors have a higher impact on substance use, the existence of protective factors seems to fade such impact. Key words: adolescence, risk and protective factors, substance use.

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