scholarly journals Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiri Patocka ◽  
Ran Wu ◽  
Eugenie Nepovimova ◽  
Martin Valis ◽  
Wenda Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Application ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Large Genus ◽  
Poisonous Mushroom ◽  
Poisonous Mushrooms

Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.

scholarly journals Poisoning Case of Chlorophyllum cf. molybdites in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
Ivan Permana Putra
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Wild Mushroom ◽  
Wild Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Poisonous Mushroom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Poisonous Mushrooms ◽  
Foraging Time

Wild edible mushrooms are one the germplasms which consumed by some people in Indonesia. However, due to the similar morpholgical appearance from one mushroom to another, cases of wild mushroom poisoning might be occurred as the result of the misidentification at foraging time. One of the common poisonous mushrooms which easily found around residence area is Chlorophyllum molybdites. To date, there is no database of mushroom poisoning cases in Indonesia. The aims of this research was to provide the information regarding C. molybdites poisoning cases in Indonesia. This is a literature-based quantitative research. During the last 10 years, it is suspected that there have been 4 cases of Chlorophyllum cf. molybdites poisoning in Indonesia with a total of 34 victims and none has died. This mushroom is known to contain toxic compounds, namely polymeric protein. The main constraint related to determining the taxonomic identity of poisonous mushroom, is the lack of information and documentation of samples that cause poisoning in Indonesia. This research explained how to recognize the character of C. molybdites, information on its distribution, and its toxicity aspects. With the complete information as a medium for disseminating mycology knowledge, it is hoped that cases of wild mushroom poisoning can be prevented in the future in Indonesia.

Mushroom poisoning

1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 91-92
Keyword(s):  
Amanita Phalloides ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Reference Book ◽  
Edible Species ◽  
Poisonous Fungi ◽  
Poisonous Mushroom ◽  
Poisonous Mushrooms

Many poisonous mushrooms can be confused with edible species and eaten by mistake. Serious poisoning is fortunately rare in Britain. The best known poisonous mushroom is the Death Cap (Amanita phalloides), but many other mushrooms more commonly cause poisoning; they can be identified from a reference book or the RoSPA poster* showing poisonous fungi in colour.

scholarly journals Wild mushroom poisoning in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand: a case series

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinita Nikhurpa ◽  
Mamta Nikhurpa
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Accidental Ingestion ◽  
Mushroom Species ◽  
Poisonous Mushroom ◽  
Laboratory Profile ◽  
Poisonous Mushrooms ◽  
Renal Support

Mushrooms have been dietary source in hilly and ethnic tribes of India. More than 5000 mushroom species are known worldwide and nearly 100 species are known to be poisonous for humans. Mushroom poisoning occurs due to unintentional and accidental ingestion of poisonous mushroom due to misidentification of poisonous variety as edible one. There has been increasingly incidence of reporting of mushroom poisoning cases nowadays. Here we are reporting case series of 4 patients admitted hailing from same village with accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms with clinical-laboratory profile and outcome at our institution. Mushroom Poisoning is an emerging healthcare concern nowadays. Education and mass awareness for identification of poisonous mushrooms is an important preventive measure. Early hospitalization, proper hydration, gastric decontamination, silibinin and N- acetyl cysteine therapy with hepato-renal support constitutes mainstay of treatment. Delay in treatment and complications results in poor prognosis and mortality.

scholarly journals Bio-Sensor Kit for Detection of Quantity of Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VII) ◽  
pp. 3271-3275
Author(s):  
Pushkar Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Causes Of Deaths

Pesticides are majorly used in agricultural fields for crop protection but even after having agricultural benefits it also has negative acute toxic effects on human beings and environment. Accumulation of these toxic substances in the living life cycle prove to be a source of diseases and causes of deaths if accumulated in higher concentration. This research involves a method to detect the quantity of pesticides accumulate in our edibles which we consume, so as to ensure the quality of food we eat. For this purpose, a colorimetry method can be used which is the application of beer-Lambert law (1) that measures the concentration of solute by measuring the loss of intensity of light which is passing through the solution.

The Epitome of Novel Techniques and Targeting Approaches in Drug Delivery for Treating Lymphatic Filariasis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1250-1263
Author(s):  
Saurabh Shrivastava ◽  
Anshita Gupta ◽  
Chanchal Deep Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Bioactive Substances ◽  
Lymphatic Diseases ◽  
Life Threatening

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a pervasive and life-threatening disease for human beings. Currently, 893 million people in 49 countries worldwide affected by lymphatic filariasis as per WHO statistics. The concealed aspects of lymphatic diseases such as delayed disease detection, inappropriate disease imaging, the geographical outbreak of infection, and lack of preventive chemotherapy have brought this epidemic to the edge of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Many medications and natural bioactive substances have seen to promote filaricidal activity against the target parasitic species. However, the majority of failures have occurred in pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic issues. Objective: The purpose of the study is to focus on the challenges and therapeutic issues in the treatment of filariasis. The review brings novel techniques and therapeutic approaches for combating lymphatic filariasis. It also offers significant developments and opportunities for such therapeutic interventions. Conclusion: Through this review, an attempt has made to critically evaluate the avenues of innovative pharmaceuticals and molecular targeting approaches to bring an integrated solution to combat lymphatic filariasis.

Conflicts with the Ecosystem

2013 ◽  
pp. 20-45
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Support System ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Ozone Layer ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Economic Activity

Although human beings are part of nature, they are seriously damaging the ecosystem, our support system. Modern technological manufacturing regularly produces harmful side effects, either toxic substances or unexpected threats to the entire ecosystem such as ozone layer destruction or global warming. Human economic activity is leading to the mass extinction of other species. Humanity is threatening the entire ecosystem. This means that the view that humans are superior to nature is actually incorrect.

Poisonous plants and fungi

2010 ◽  
pp. 1361-1371
Author(s):  
Hans Persson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Plant Toxins

Many plants contain toxic substances heterogeneous in their chemical composition and diverse in their toxic effects. When classifying plant poisonings, a pragmatic approach is to look at the main clinical effects, but it should be emphasized that few plant toxins produce just one type of symptom, and symptomatology is often multiple, although some features predominate....

Low-cost management of mushroom poisoning in a limited-resource area: a 12-year retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
Ratsameekhae Jongthun ◽  
Pasin Hemachudha ◽  
Supaporn Wacharapluesadee ◽  
Thiravat Hemachudha
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Alcoholic Cirrhosis ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Late Presentation ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Accidental Ingestion ◽  
Poisonous Mushrooms

Amatoxin poisoning is the main cause of death from accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms and a mortality rate of 27.3% has been reported in Thailand. Symptoms of mushroom ingestion are often confused with food poisoning; thus, gastroenteritis is not recognised as the first phase of poisoning. Our study assessed the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a treatment for amatoxin poisoning. We retrospectively analysed 74 medical records over 12 years. The majority (70/74) were treated successfully with NAC; death in the remaining 4 (5.4%) patients was attributed to late presentation in three and advanced alcoholic cirrhosis in one.

scholarly journals Interaction between physical activity and nutrition early in life and their impact on later development

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Pařízková
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cardiorespiratory System

AbstractIt has been rare to find studies of the influence of nutrition on growth that have incorporated careful measurements of physical activity. This paper reviews interactions between physical activity and nutrition in early life and finds that such interactions have a significant influence on growth and later metabolism.Young animals are generally characterized by a high level of spontaneous motor activity that contributes to a high rate of energy turnover in early life. Such activity varies greatly between species and individuals and can be increased by reduced (but not extreme) dietary intake especially of protein, with consequent effects on growth rate (slower), body composition (leaner), eventual body size (smaller), lifespan (longer), cardiac resistance to toxic substances (increased) and changes in body lipids. Most studies have been conducted with laboratory rats but the much smaller literature concerning human beings is also reviewed here.In rats, exercise during pregnancy results in offspring that are smaller and leaner and there are later improvements in cardiac microstructure, cardiac resistance to toxic substances and lower plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations.In industrialized countries in recent years, children's fitness, especially of the cardiorespiratory system has not developed at the same pace as body size, or has deteriorated, whereas average body mass index (BMI) and the overall prevalence of obesity have increased. This is partly accounted for by reduced levels of physical activity but there is some evidence that higher intakes of dietary proteins in early life are also implicated. Much recent research has focused on the influence of nutrition in the prenatal and early postnatal period on later health. This review has also underlined the importance of exercise and its interaction with diet beginning with the pregnant mother and continuing through childhood. Development and wider use of simple but reliable methods for the evaluation of physical activity and fitness in young children is now an important priority.

scholarly journals Some Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms

1917 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-10) ◽  
pp. 413-555
Author(s):  
Walter McDougall
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Wild Mushrooms ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Botany Department ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The People ◽  
The University ◽  
Poisonous Mushrooms

The interest in wild mushrooms and the number of people who collect wild mushrooms for the table are increasing rapidly. Numerousinquiries are received by the botany department of the University of Illinois each season concerning the identification and edibility of various species. At the same time, whenever there is a good mushroom season, the newspapers report an increasing number of cases of mushroom poisoning. These facts indicate the great desirability of a wider dissemination of the knowledge necessary to distinguish intelligentlythe common edible and poisonous mushrooms. It was with these facts in mind that it was decided to prepare, for the people of the state, photographs and descriptions of a limited number of species, in the hope that it might help our friends to make use of the abundance of excellent food material that annually goes to waste in the fields and woods, without risking their lives in the act.

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