scholarly journals The Emerging Clinical Role of Spermine in Prostate Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4382
Author(s):  
Qiang Peng ◽  
Christine Yim-Ping Wong ◽  
Isabella Wai-yin Cheuk ◽  
Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh ◽  
Peter Ka-Fung Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Clinical Role ◽  
Polyamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Polyamine Analogues ◽  
Phenotype Transformation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Apoptosis Regulation

Spermine, a member of polyamines, exists in all organisms and is essential for normal cell growth and function. It is highly expressed in the prostate compared with other organs and is detectable in urine, tissue, expressed prostatic secretions, and erythrocyte. A significant reduction of spermine level was observed in prostate cancer (PCa) tissue compared with benign prostate tissue, and the level of urinary spermine was also significantly lower in men with PCa. Decreased spermine level may be used as an indicator of malignant phenotype transformation from normal to malignant tissue in prostate. Studies targeting polyamines and key rate-limiting enzymes associated with spermine metabolism as a tool for PCa therapy and chemoprevention have been conducted with various polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors and polyamine analogues. The mechanism between spermine and PCa development are possibly related to the regulation of polyamine metabolism, cancer-driving pathways, oxidative stress, anticancer immunosurveillance, and apoptosis regulation. Although the specific mechanism of spermine in PCa development is still unclear, ongoing research in spermine metabolism and its association with PCa pathophysiology opens up new opportunities in the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of spermine in PCa management.

Polyamine metabolism and function

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (5) ◽  
pp. C212-C221 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Pegg ◽  
P. P. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Organic Cations ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Polyamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
And Function ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

Polyamines are ubiquitous organic cations of low molecular weight. The content of these amines is closely regulated by the cell according to the state of growth. The reactions responsible for the biosynthesis and interconversion of the polyamines and their precursor putrescine are described and the means by which polyamine content can be varied in response to exogenous stimuli are discussed. The role of polyamines in the cell cycle, cell division, tissue growth, and differentiation is considered. Recent studies using highly specific inhibitors of polyamine biosynthesis such as alpha-difluoromethylornithine to prevent accumulation of polyamines have indicated that the synthesis of polyamines is intimately associated with these processes. Such inhibitors have great potential for investigation of the cellular role of polyamines.

scholarly journals A perspective of polyamine metabolism

2003 ◽  
Vol 376 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. WALLACE ◽  
Alison V. FRASER ◽  
Alun HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Tumour Cells ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Polyamine Analogues ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Polyamine Content ◽  
And Function

Polyamines are essential for the growth and function of normal cells. They interact with various macromolecules, both electrostatically and covalently and, as a consequence, have a variety of cellular effects. The complexity of polyamine metabolism and the multitude of compensatory mechanisms that are invoked to maintain polyamine homoeostasis argue that these amines are critical to cell survival. The regulation of polyamine content within cells occurs at several levels, including transcription and translation. In addition, novel features such as the +1 frameshift required for antizyme production and the rapid turnover of several of the enzymes involved in the pathway make the regulation of polyamine metabolism a fascinating subject. The link between polyamine content and human disease is unequivocal, and significant success has been obtained in the treatment of a number of parasitic infections. Targeting the polyamine pathway as a means of treating cancer has met with limited success, although the development of drugs such as DFMO (α-difluoromethylornithine), a rationally designed anticancer agent, has revolutionized our understanding of polyamine function in cell growth and provided ‘proof of concept’ that influencing polyamine metabolism and content within tumour cells will prevent tumour growth. The more recent development of the polyamine analogues has been pivotal in advancing our understanding of the necessity to deplete all three polyamines to induce apoptosis in tumour cells. The current thinking is that the polyamine inhibitors/analogues may also be useful agents in the chemoprevention of cancer and, in this area, we may yet see a revival of DFMO. The future will be in adopting a functional genomics approach to identifying polyamine-regulated genes linked to either carcinogenesis or apoptosis.

scholarly journals Clinical role of pathological downgrading after radical prostatectomy in patients with biopsy confirmed Gleason score 3 + 4 prostate cancer

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuo Gondo ◽  
Bing Ying Poon ◽  
Kazuhiro Matsumoto ◽  
Melanie Bernstein ◽  
Daniel D. Sjoberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Radical Prostatectomy ◽  
Gleason Score ◽  
Clinical Role

scholarly journals Regulating Polyamine Metabolism by miRNAs in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler N. Kambis ◽  
Hadassha M. N. Tofilau ◽  
Flobater I. Gawargi ◽  
Surabhi Chandra ◽  
Paras K. Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Translational Repression ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Polyamine Biosynthesis ◽  
Polyamine Synthesis ◽  
Circulating Levels ◽  
Insulin Like Activity

Abstract Purpose of Review Insulin is at the heart of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM alters cardiac metabolism causing cardiomyopathy, ultimately leading to heart failure. Polyamines, organic compounds synthesized by cardiomyocytes, have an insulin-like activity and effect on glucose metabolism, making them metabolites of interest in the DM heart. This review sheds light on the disrupted microRNA network in the DM heart in relation to developing novel therapeutics targeting polyamine biosynthesis to prevent/mitigate diabetic cardiomyopathy. Recent Findings Polyamines prevent DM-induced upregulation of glucose and ketone body levels similar to insulin. Polyamines also enhance mitochondrial respiration and thereby regulate all major metabolic pathways. Non-coding microRNAs regulate a majority of the biological pathways in our body by modulating gene expression via mRNA degradation or translational repression. However, the role of miRNA in polyamine biosynthesis in the DM heart remains unclear. Summary This review discusses the regulation of polyamine synthesis and metabolism, and its impact on cardiac metabolism and circulating levels of glucose, insulin, and ketone bodies. We provide insights on potential roles of polyamines in diabetic cardiomyopathy and putative miRNAs that could regulate polyamine biosynthesis in the DM heart. Future studies will unravel the regulatory roles these miRNAs play in polyamine biosynthesis and will open new doors in the prevention/treatment of adverse cardiac remodeling in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

scholarly journals The Clinical Role of Peptide Vaccines for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. xi96
Author(s):  
T. Minami ◽  
T. Kimura ◽  
M. Nozawa ◽  
K. Yoshimura ◽  
T. Nakagawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Peptide Vaccines ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Clinical Role ◽  
Castration Resistant

scholarly journals Shedding Light on the Role of Extracellular Vesicles in HIV Infection and Wound Healing

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aseel Alqatawni ◽  
Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma ◽  
Beatrice Attilus ◽  
Mudit Tyagi ◽  
Rene Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Post Entry ◽  
And Function

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in intercellular communication. They are naturally released from cells into the extracellular environment. Based on their biogenesis, release pathways, size, content, and function, EVs are classified into exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs). Previous research has documented that EVs, specifically exosomes and MVs, play an important role in HIV infection, either by promoting HIV infection and pathogenesis or by inhibiting HIV-1 to a certain extent. We have also previously reported that EVs (particularly exosomes) from vaginal fluids inhibit HIV at the post-entry step (i.e., reverse transcription, integration). Besides the role that EVs play in HIV, they are also known to regulate the process of wound healing by regulating both the immune and inflammatory responses. It is noted that during the advanced stages of HIV infection, patients are at greater risk of wound-healing and wound-related complications. Despite ongoing research, the data on the actual effects of EVs in HIV infection and wound healing are still premature. This review aimed to update the current knowledge about the roles of EVs in regulating HIV pathogenesis and wound healing. Additionally, we highlighted several avenues of EV involvement in the process of wound healing, including coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Understanding the role of EVs in HIV infection and wound healing could significantly contribute to the development of new and potent antiviral therapeutic strategies and approaches to resolve impaired wounds in HIV patients.

Review of ultrasound contrast agents in current clinical practice with special focus on DEFINITY® in cardiac imaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Salih ◽  
Syed Musadiq Ali ◽  
Nihar Jena ◽  
Karthik Ananthasubramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Daily Practice ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Ultrasound Contrast Agents ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Clinical Role ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Us Fda ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ultrasound Microbubbles

Echocardiography is the most widely used noninvasive modality to evaluate the structure and function of the cardiac muscle in daily practice. However, up to 15–20% of echocardiograms are considered suboptimal. To enable accurate assessment of cardiac function and wall motion abnormality, the use of ultrasound microbubble contrast has shown substantial benefits in cases of salvaging nondiagnostic studies and enhancing the diagnostic accuracy in daily practice. DEFINITY® is a perflutren based, lipid shelled microbubble contrast agent, which is US FDA approved for left ventricular opacification. The basis of ultrasound microbubbles, its development, and the clinical role of DEFINITY (characteristics, indications and case examples, side effect profile and existing evidence) is the subject of discussion in this review.

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