scholarly journals Chronic Orofacial Pain: Models, Mechanisms, and Genetic and Related Environmental Influences

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7112
Author(s):  
Barry J. Sessle
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
Chronic Orofacial Pain ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Animal Strains

Chronic orofacial pain conditions can be particularly difficult to diagnose and treat because of their complexity and limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying their aetiology and pathogenesis. Furthermore, there is considerable variability between individuals in their susceptibility to risk factors predisposing them to the development and maintenance of chronic pain as well as in their expression of chronic pain features such as allodynia, hyperalgesia and extraterritorial sensory spread. The variability suggests that genetic as well as environmental factors may contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain. This article reviews these features of chronic orofacial pain, and outlines findings from studies in animal models of the behavioural characteristics and underlying mechanisms related to the development and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain and trigeminal neuropathic pain in particular. The review also considers the role of environmental and especially genetic factors in these models, focussing on findings of differences between animal strains in the features and underlying mechanisms of chronic pain. These findings are not only relevant to understanding underlying mechanisms and the variability between patients in the development, expression and maintenance of chronic orofacial pain, but also underscore the importance for considering the strain of the animal to model and explore chronic orofacial pain processes.

What is the role of fear and escape/avoidance in chronic pain? Models, structural analysis and future directions

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon JG Asmundson ◽  
Holly A Parkerson ◽  
Mark Petter ◽  
Melanie Noel
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pain Models

scholarly journals Characterization of New TRPM8 Modulators in Pain Perception

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 5544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen De Caro ◽  
Claudia Cristiano ◽  
Carmen Avagliano ◽  
Alessia Bertamino ◽  
Carmine Ostacolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
Excessive Activation

Background: Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-8 (TRPM8) is a non-selective cation channel activated by cold temperature and by cooling agents. Several studies have proved that this channel is involved in pain perception. Although some studies indicate that TRPM8 inhibition is necessary to reduce acute and chronic pain, it is also reported that TRPM8 activation produces analgesia. These conflicting results could be explained by extracellular Ca2+-dependent desensitization that is induced by an excessive activation. Likely, this effect is due to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) depletion that leads to modification of TRPM8 channel activity, shifting voltage dependence towards more positive potentials. This phenomenon needs further evaluation and confirmation that would allow us to understand better the role of this channel and to develop new therapeutic strategies for controlling pain. Experimental approach: To understand the role of TRPM8 in pain perception, we tested two specific TRPM8-modulating compounds, an antagonist (IGM-18) and an agonist (IGM-5), in either acute or chronic animal pain models using male Sprague-Dawley rats or CD1 mice, after systemic or topical routes of administration. Results: IGM-18 and IGM-5 were fully characterized in vivo. The wet-dog shake test and the body temperature measurements highlighted the antagonist activity of IGM-18 on TRPM8 channels. Moreover, IGM-18 exerted an analgesic effect on formalin-induced orofacial pain and chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain, demonstrating the involvement of TRPM8 channels in these two pain models. Finally, the results were consistent with TRPM8 downregulation by agonist IGM-5, due to its excessive activation. Conclusions: TRPM8 channels are strongly involved in pain modulation, and their selective antagonist is able to reduce both acute and chronic pain.

scholarly journals Deactivation of excitatory neurons in the prelimbic cortex via Cdk5 promotes pain sensation and anxiety

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo-Qiang Wang ◽  
Cheng Cen ◽  
Chong Li ◽  
Shuai Cao ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Prelimbic Cortex ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Pain Sensation ◽  
Pain Model ◽  
Excitatory Neurons ◽  
Affective Pain ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase 5

Abstract The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is implicated in processing sensory-discriminative and affective pain. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a role for excitatory neurons in the prelimbic cortex (PL), a sub-region of mPFC, in the regulation of pain sensation and anxiety-like behaviours. Using a chronic inflammatory pain model, we show that lesion of the PL contralateral but not ipsilateral to the inflamed paw attenuates hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behaviours in rats. Optogenetic activation of contralateral PL excitatory neurons exerts analgesic and anxiolytic effects in mice subjected to chronic pain, whereas inhibition is anxiogenic in naive mice. The intrinsic excitability of contralateral PL excitatory neurons is decreased in chronic pain rats; knocking down cyclin-dependent kinase 5 reverses this deactivation and alleviates behavioural impairments. Together, our findings provide novel insights into the role of PL excitatory neurons in the regulation of sensory and affective pain.

scholarly journals Role of the Ubiquitin System in Chronic Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiurong Cheng ◽  
Yingdong Deng ◽  
Jun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Targets ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽  
Ubiquitin System ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

As a significant public health issue, chronic pain, mainly neuropathic pain (NP) and inflammatory pain, has a severe impact. The underlying mechanisms of chronic pain are enigmatic at present. The roles of ubiquitin have been demonstrated in various physiological and pathological conditions and underscore its potential as therapeutic targets. The dysfunction of the component of the ubiquitin system that occurs during chronic pain is rapidly being discovered. These results provide insight into potential molecular mechanisms of chronic pain. Chronic pain is regulated by ubiquitination, SUMOylation, ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), etc. Insight into the mechanism of the ubiquitin system regulating chronic pain might contribute to relevant therapeutic targets and the development of novel analgesics.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Perils in Jaw Pain

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Sowmya Krishna ◽  
Rajkumar Badam ◽  
Geetika Sobti
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Common Complaint ◽  
Chronic Orofacial Pain ◽  
Orofacial Region

ABSTRACT Chronic pain in the orofacial region is a common complaint faced by clinicians. It is important for the dentists to have a thorough knowledge of various causes of jaw pain. Most common type reported is toothache. Since toothache is so common, it is important to determine if pain is from odontogenic or nonodontogenic origin. The need for careful diagnosis before undertaking any invasive treatment is the key to prevent misdiagnosis and mismanagement in patients with chronic orofacial pain. Emphasis in this article is on the differential diagnosis of jaw pain originating from muscular, neuropathic, cardiac, sinus and psychogenic origin.

Theoretical basis of pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Liesbet Goubert ◽  
Rebecca Pillai Riddell ◽  
Laura Simons ◽  
David Borsook
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Pain Models ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Pain Experiences ◽  
Resilience Mechanisms

Pain experiences, both acute and chronic, are common in infants, children, and adolescents. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of different biopsychosocial pediatric pain models that address acute or chronic pain. Recent insights in neural processes are discussed, as well as psychosocial mechanisms across a child’s development. The crucial role of parents in different theoretical conceptualizations is highlighted. We emphasize that both risk factors for the development of chronic pain-related disability and resilience mechanisms for adaptive child functioning should be considered. Finally, clinical implications are outlined ensuing from the different theoretical models discussed in this chapter.

The Maxillary Sinus: What the General Dental Team Need to Know Part 1: Paranasal Sinus Physiology, Infective Disease and Diagnosis of Pain

Dental Update ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garmon W Bell ◽  
Iain MacLeod ◽  
James C Darcey ◽  
Collin Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Paranasal Sinus ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Antibiotic Prescription ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Improve Patient Care ◽  
Patient History ◽  
Infective Disease ◽  
Chronic Orofacial Pain ◽  
Improve Patient

This first paper of a four-part series guides the dental team through paranasal sinus physiology and how muco-ciliary clearance is interrupted in disease, particularly infection. The role of acute rhinosinal infection is discussed in relation to orofacial pain and headache. The broad differential diagnosis of what many patients regard as sinus-related pain is discussed, emphasizing the importance of the patient history and clinical examination to reach a correct diagnosis and to avoid inappropriate antibiotic prescription or unnecessary surgery. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Many patients relate their chronic facial pain and headaches to disorders of their sinuses simply because the pain overlies the location of the paranasal sinuses. Following diagnostic criteria, and application of such to reach an accurate diagnosis, will improve patient care. Inter-specialty co-operation is essential in the management of chronic orofacial pain and headaches.

Patient Experience of Living with Orofacial Pain: An Interpretive Phenomenological Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 264-271
Author(s):  
M. Hazaveh ◽  
R. Hovey
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Pain Clinic ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Chronic Orofacial Pain

This study investigated the experience of living with chronic orofacial pain. Participating in this study’s individual in-depth interviews were 6 participants with chronic orofacial pain who were undergoing treatment at a pain clinic. In consideration of the empirical nature of the study, the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed from an interpretive phenomenological approach. The participants in the study experienced various types of loss as a result of chronic pain, such as the loss of employment, self-identity, and the ability to enjoy eating and engaging in social activities. Other findings revealed a disbelief among the families and medical community in the pain reported by the participants in this study. In addition, the current study explores the dissatisfaction of these participants with their journey through the health care system. Previous studies have concentrated on chronic pain predominantly through quantitative methods based on measurements, such as questionnaires. The biomedical aspects of pain are essential to report, yet the emphasis on this can result in overlooking the experience of living with chronic pain. Qualitative methodologies are necessary for gaining a more profound understanding of and appreciation for the individual patient and his or her unique perspective. The present study may benefit those living with chronic pain, since this sharing of experiences can help sufferers feel less isolated in their agony. The current article’s intention is to report these experiences in such a way that chronic pain sufferers and laypeople can comprehend and relate to them. In addition, the findings of this study should promote the knowledge and understanding of health care providers who deal with chronic pain sufferers, so that treatment is provided with more empathy and compassion. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The findings of the present study may assist health care professionals interacting regularly with sufferers of chronic pain to gain a deeper understanding of the chronic pain experience and how to best support these patients.

scholarly journals Patient Centeredness in Orthognathic Surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
Alexandre R. Vieira ◽  
Maria C. O. Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Laser Therapy ◽  
Orthognathic Surgery ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Low Level Laser Therapy ◽  
Complex Case ◽  
Patient Centeredness ◽  
Level Laser ◽  
Planning Treatment ◽  
Chronic Orofacial Pain

Patient centeredness in planning treatment and research has become paramount. The goal of this report was to describe a complex case in which untreated chronic pain was not properly addressed to reflect on the need to establish alternative protocols for controlling chronic orofacial pain. When a female underwent orthognathic surgery to correct her occlusion, she not only ended up with a worse occlusion, she developed chronic orofacial pain that could not be treated by opioids and only improved after the use of neuropathic medication, and finally disappeared after the use of low-level laser therapy. There is a need to incorporate alternative nonpharmacological approaches to manage chronic pain. Further, what the patient’s goals are for their treatments should be given priority in case of elective procedures.

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