scholarly journals Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 10130
Author(s):  
Jiexi Liu ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Yang Qin ◽  
Xiaolan Feng
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Upconversion Luminescence ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Type I ◽  
Red Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Delivery Strategies ◽  
Hypoxic Tumor ◽  
Cellular Compartments ◽  
Local Oxygen

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment for cancer or non-neoplastic diseases, and the photosensitizers (PSs) are crucial for PDT efficiency. The commonly used chemical PSs, generally produce ROS through the type II reaction that highly relies on the local oxygen concentration. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and unavoidable dark toxicity of PSs greatly restrain the wide application of PDT. The genetically encoded PSs, unlike chemical PSs, can be modified using genetic engineering techniques and targeted to unique cellular compartments, even within a single cell. KillerRed, as a dimeric red fluorescent protein, can be activated by visible light or upconversion luminescence to execute the Type I reaction of PDT, which does not need too much oxygen and surely attract the researchers’ focus. In particular, nanotechnology provides new opportunities for various modifications of KillerRed and versatile delivery strategies. This review more comprehensively outlines the applications of KillerRed, highlighting the fascinating features of KillerRed genes and proteins in the photodynamic systems. Furthermore, the advantages and defects of KillerRed are also discussed, either alone or in combination with other therapies. These overviews may facilitate understanding KillerRed progress in PDT and suggest some emerging potentials to circumvent challenges to improve the efficiency and accuracy of PDT.

Red fluorescent protein eqFP611 and its genetically engineered dimeric variants

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 014003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Wiedenmann ◽  
Beatrice Vallone ◽  
Fabiana Renzi ◽  
Karin Nienhaus ◽  
Sergey Ivanchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Red Fluorescent Protein

Fluorescent proteins for in vivo imaging, where's the biliverdin?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 2657-2667
Author(s):  
Felipe Montecinos-Franjola ◽  
John Y. Lin ◽  
Erik A. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
In Vivo Imaging ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Imaging ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Red Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Color Palette

Noninvasive fluorescent imaging requires far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins for deeper imaging. Near-infrared light penetrates biological tissue with blood vessels due to low absorbance, scattering, and reflection of light and has a greater signal-to-noise due to less autofluorescence. Far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins absorb light >600 nm to expand the color palette for imaging multiple biosensors and noninvasive in vivo imaging. The ideal fluorescent proteins are bright, photobleach minimally, express well in the desired cells, do not oligomerize, and generate or incorporate exogenous fluorophores efficiently. Coral-derived red fluorescent proteins require oxygen for fluorophore formation and release two hydrogen peroxide molecules. New fluorescent proteins based on phytochrome and phycobiliproteins use biliverdin IXα as fluorophores, do not require oxygen for maturation to image anaerobic organisms and tumor core, and do not generate hydrogen peroxide. The small Ultra-Red Fluorescent Protein (smURFP) was evolved from a cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein to covalently attach biliverdin as an exogenous fluorophore. The small Ultra-Red Fluorescent Protein is biophysically as bright as the enhanced green fluorescent protein, is exceptionally photostable, used for biosensor development, and visible in living mice. Novel applications of smURFP include in vitro protein diagnostics with attomolar (10−18 M) sensitivity, encapsulation in viral particles, and fluorescent protein nanoparticles. However, the availability of biliverdin limits the fluorescence of biliverdin-attaching fluorescent proteins; hence, extra biliverdin is needed to enhance brightness. New methods for improved biliverdin bioavailability are necessary to develop improved bright far-red and near-infrared fluorescent proteins for noninvasive imaging in vivo.

Innovative Drug Delivery Strategies for Topical Photodynamic Therapy using Porphyrin Precursors

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desmond I. J. Morrow ◽  
Martin J. Garland ◽  
Paul A. McCarron ◽  
A. David Woolfson ◽  
Ryan F. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Innovative Drug ◽  
Delivery Strategies

scholarly journals Novel Regeneration Approach for Creating Reusable FO-SPR Probes with NTA Surface Chemistry

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Jia-Huan Qu ◽  
Karen Leirs ◽  
Remei Escudero ◽  
Žiga Strmšek ◽  
Roman Jerala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Antibody Fragments ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Red Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Surface Regeneration ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

To date, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors have been exploited in numerous different contexts while continuously pushing boundaries in terms of improved sensitivity, specificity, portability and reusability. The latter has attracted attention as a viable alternative to disposable biosensors, also offering prospects for rapid screening of biomolecules or biomolecular interactions. In this context here, we developed an approach to successfully regenerate a fiber-optic (FO)-SPR surface when utilizing cobalt (II)-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) surface chemistry. To achieve this, we tested multiple regeneration conditions that can disrupt the NTA chelate on a surface fully saturated with His6-tagged antibody fragments (scFv-33H1F7) over ten regeneration cycles. The best surface regeneration was obtained when combining 100 mM EDTA, 500 mM imidazole and 0.5% SDS at pH 8.0 for 1 min with shaking at 150 rpm followed by washing with 0.5 M NaOH for 3 min. The true versatility of the established approach was proven by regenerating the NTA surface for ten cycles with three other model system bioreceptors, different in their size and structure: His6-tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike fragment (receptor binding domain, RBD), a red fluorescent protein (RFP) and protein origami carrying 4 RFPs (Tet12SN-RRRR). Enabling the removal of His6-tagged bioreceptors from NTA surfaces in a fast and cost-effective manner can have broad applications, spanning from the development of biosensors and various biopharmaceutical analyses to the synthesis of novel biomaterials.

A porphysome-based photodynamic O2 economizer for hypoxic tumor treatment by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (34) ◽  
pp. 4134-4137
Author(s):  
Rongrong Zheng‡ ◽  
Xiayun Chen‡ ◽  
Linping Zhao ◽  
Ni Yang ◽  
Runtian Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiration ◽  
Tumor Treatment ◽  
Hypoxic Tumor

A porphysome-based photodynamic O2 economizer is developed to inhibit mitochondrial respiration for enhanced photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumors.

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