scholarly journals Transcriptional Regulation of Ripening in Chili Pepper Fruits (Capsicum spp.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 12151
Author(s):  
Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera ◽  
Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Chili Peppers ◽  
Visual Changes

Chili peppers represent a very important horticultural crop that is cultivated and commercialized worldwide. The ripening process makes the fruit palatable, desirable, and attractive, thus increasing its quality and nutritional value. This process includes visual changes, such as fruit coloration, flavor, aroma, and texture. Fruit ripening involves a sequence of physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that must be finely regulated at the transcriptional level. In this review, we integrate current knowledge about the transcription factors involved in the regulation of different stages of the chili pepper ripening process.

scholarly journals Molecular Biology of Chili Pepper Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
César Aza-González ◽  
Héctor Gordon Núñez-Palenius ◽  
Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Chili Peppers

Chili pepper (<em>Capsicum spp.</em>) is an important horticultural crop worldwide. Chili pepper fruits from different <em>Capsicum </em>species have been highly consumed in Mexico since pre-Columbian times. Some <em>Capsicum</em> species synthesize and accumulate anthocyanins in different tissues and organs. Although the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway has been established for different plant species, very few studies on anthocyanin chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology of these pigments produced by chili peppers have been reported. In this review we describe the information on the type of anthocyanins synthesized and accumulated in chili pepper, and also on the molecular biology of the biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, we discuss the applications of current knowledge for the genetic manipulation, through genetic engineering, of this trait, and also the future anthocyanin-related research areas in <em>Capsicum.</em>

scholarly journals Chili Pepper Carotenoids: Nutraceutical Properties and Mechanisms of Action

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5573
Author(s):  
Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera ◽  
Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disorder ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Nutraceutical Properties

Chili pepper is a prominent cultivated horticultural crop that is traditionally used for food seasoning and is applied for the treatment and prevention of multiple diseases. Its beneficial health properties are due to its abundance and variety of bioactive components, such as carotenoids, capsaicinoids, and vitamins. In particular, carotenoids have important nutraceutical properties, and several studies have focused on their potential in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In this article, we reviewed the state of knowledge of general aspects of chili pepper carotenoids (biosynthesis pathway, types and content in Capsicum spp., and the effects of processing on carotenoid content) and recent findings on the effects of carotenoid nutraceuticals, such as antioxidant, cancer preventive, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular disorder preventive, and anti-obesity effects.

scholarly journals The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Chili Pepper (Capsicum spp.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil H. Brown ◽  
Charles R. Clement ◽  
Patience Epps ◽  
Eike Luedeling ◽  
Søren Wichmann
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Capsicum Spp ◽  
Chili Peppers

Paleobiolinguistics employs the comparative method of historical linguistics to reconstruct the biodiversity known to human groups of the remote, unrecorded past. Comparison of words for biological species from languages of the same language family facilitates reconstruction of the biological vocabulary of the family’s ancient proto-language. This study uses paleobiolinguistics to establish where and when chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) developed significance for different prehistoric Native American groups. This entails mapping in both time and geographic space proto-languages for which words for chili pepper reconstruct. Maps show the broad distribution of Capsicum through Mesoamerica and South America mirroring its likely independent domestication in these regions. Proto-language dates indicate that human interest in chili pepper had developed in most of Latin America at least a millennium before a village-farming way of life became widespread.

Subnuclear compartmentalization of sequence-specific transcription factors and regulation of eukaryotic gene expression

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth N Corry ◽  
D Alan Underhill
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Subnuclear Localization ◽  
Modular Structures

To date, the majority of the research regarding eukaryotic transcription factors has focused on characterizing their function primarily through in vitro methods. These studies have revealed that transcription factors are essentially modular structures, containing separate regions that participate in such activities as DNA binding, protein–protein interaction, and transcriptional activation or repression. To fully comprehend the behavior of a given transcription factor, however, these domains must be analyzed in the context of the entire protein, and in certain cases the context of a multiprotein complex. Furthermore, it must be appreciated that transcription factors function in the nucleus, where they must contend with a variety of factors, including the nuclear architecture, chromatin domains, chromosome territories, and cell-cycle-associated processes. Recent examinations of transcription factors in the nucleus have clarified the behavior of these proteins in vivo and have increased our understanding of how gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding sequence-specific transcription factor compartmentalization within the nucleus and discuss its impact on the regulation of such processes as activation or repression of gene expression and interaction with coregulatory factors.Key words: transcription, subnuclear localization, chromatin, gene expression, nuclear architecture.

scholarly journals Development and Carcinogenesis: Roles of GATA Factors in the Sympathoadrenal and Urogenital Systems

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 299
Author(s):  
Takashi Moriguchi
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Gynecologic Cancers ◽  
Inherited Diseases ◽  
Gata Factors ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Gata Family

The GATA family of transcription factors consists of six proteins (GATA1-6) that control a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In particular, GATA2 and GATA3 are coexpressed in a number of tissues, including in the urogenital and sympathoadrenal systems, in which both factors participate in the developmental process and tissue maintenance. Furthermore, accumulating studies have demonstrated that GATA2 and GATA3 are involved in distinct types of inherited diseases as well as carcinogenesis in diverse tissues. This review summarizes our current knowledge of how GATA2 and GATA3 participate in the transcriptional regulatory circuitry during the development of the sympathoadrenal and urogenital systems, and how their dysregulation results in the carcinogenesis of neuroblastoma, renal urothelial, and gynecologic cancers.

The DEAH helicase DHX36 and its role in G-quadruplex-dependent processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Schult ◽  
Katrin Paeschke
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
G Quadruplex ◽  
Cellular Pathways ◽  
Nucleic Acid Structures ◽  
Dependent Processes

AbstractDHX36 is a member of the DExD/H box helicase family, which comprises a large number of proteins involved in various cellular functions. Recently, the function of DHX36 in the regulation of G-quadruplexes (G4s) was demonstrated. G4s are alternative nucleic acid structures, which influence many cellular pathways on a transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. In this review we provide an overview of the current knowledge about DHX36 structure, substrate specificity, and mechanism of action based on the available models and crystal structures. Moreover, we outline its multiple functions in cellular homeostasis, immunity, and disease. Finally, we discuss the open questions and provide potential directions for future research.

scholarly journals Interplay between cofactors and transcription factors in hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Wang ◽  
Pan Wang ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
Hongling Peng ◽  
Yu Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Hematologic Disorders ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Transcription Complexes ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractHematopoiesis requires finely tuned regulation of gene expression at each stage of development. The regulation of gene transcription involves not only individual transcription factors (TFs) but also transcription complexes (TCs) composed of transcription factor(s) and multisubunit cofactors. In their normal compositions, TCs orchestrate lineage-specific patterns of gene expression and ensure the production of the correct proportions of individual cell lineages during hematopoiesis. The integration of posttranslational and conformational modifications in the chromatin landscape, nucleosomes, histones and interacting components via the cofactor–TF interplay is critical to optimal TF activity. Mutations or translocations of cofactor genes are expected to alter cofactor–TF interactions, which may be causative for the pathogenesis of various hematologic disorders. Blocking TF oncogenic activity in hematologic disorders through targeting cofactors in aberrant complexes has been an exciting therapeutic strategy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the models and functions of cofactor–TF interplay in physiological hematopoiesis and highlight their implications in the etiology of hematological malignancies. This review presents a deep insight into the physiological and pathological implications of transcription machinery in the blood system.

scholarly journals The Regulatory Mechanism of Water Activities on Aflatoxins Biosynthesis and Conidia Development, and Transcription Factor AtfB Is Involved in This Regulation

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
Longxue Ma ◽  
Xu Li ◽  
Xiaoyun Ma ◽  
Qiang Yu ◽  
Xiaohua Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Sexual Development ◽  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Conidia Production

Peanuts are frequently infected by Aspergillus strains and then contaminated by aflatoxins (AF), which brings out economic losses and health risks. AF production is affected by diverse environmental factors, especially water activity (aw). In this study, A. flavus was inoculated into peanuts with different aw (0.90, 0.95, and 0.99). Both AFB1 yield and conidia production showed the highest level in aw 0.90 treatment. Transcriptional level analyses indicated that AF biosynthesis genes, especially the middle- and later-stage genes, were significantly up-regulated in aw 0.90 than aw 0.95 and 0.99. AtfB could be the pivotal regulator response to aw variations, and could further regulate downstream genes, especially AF biosynthesis genes. The expressions of conidia genes and relevant regulators were also more up-regulated at aw 0.90 than aw 0.95 and 0.99, suggesting that the relative lower aw could increase A. flavus conidia development. Furthermore, transcription factors involved in sexual development and nitrogen metabolism were also modulated by different aw. This research partly clarified the regulatory mechanism of aw on AF biosynthesis and A. flavus development and it would supply some advice for AF prevention in food storage.

scholarly journals The Distinctive Regulation of Cyanobacterial Glutamine Synthetase

Life ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bolay ◽  
M. Muro-Pastor ◽  
Francisco Florencio ◽  
Stephan Klähn
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Gene Expression Regulation ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Covalent Modifications ◽  
Post Transcriptional Regulation

Glutamine synthetase (GS) features prominently in bacterial nitrogen assimilation as it catalyzes the entry of bioavailable nitrogen in form of ammonium into cellular metabolism. The classic example, the comprehensively characterized GS of enterobacteria, is subject to exquisite regulation at multiple levels, among them gene expression regulation to control GS abundance, as well as feedback inhibition and covalent modifications to control enzyme activity. Intriguingly, the GS of the ecologically important clade of cyanobacteria features fundamentally different regulatory systems to those of most prokaryotes. These include the interaction with small proteins, the so-called inactivating factors (IFs) that inhibit GS linearly with their abundance. In addition to this protein interaction-based regulation of GS activity, cyanobacteria use alternative elements to control the synthesis of GS and IFs at the transcriptional level. Moreover, cyanobacteria evolved unique RNA-based regulatory mechanisms such as glutamine riboswitches to tightly tune IF abundance. In this review, we aim to outline the current knowledge on the distinctive features of the cyanobacterial GS encompassing the overall control of its activity, sensing the nitrogen status, transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, as well as strain-specific differences.

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