scholarly journals Pathogenesis and Treatment of Cytokine Storm Induced by Infectious Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 13009
Author(s):  
Xi-Dian Tang ◽  
Tian-Tian Ji ◽  
Jia-Rui Dong ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
Feng-Qiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Targeted Therapies ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Targeted Treatment ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Circulating Cytokines

Cytokine storm is a phenomenon characterized by strong elevated circulating cytokines that most often occur after an overreactive immune system is activated by an acute systemic infection. A variety of cells participate in cytokine storm induction and progression, with profiles of cytokines released during cytokine storm varying from disease to disease. This review focuses on pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cytokine storm induction and progression induced by pathogenic invasive infectious diseases. Strategies for targeted treatment of various types of infection-induced cytokine storms are described from both host and pathogen perspectives. In summary, current studies indicate that cytokine storm-targeted therapies can effectively alleviate tissue damage while promoting the clearance of invading pathogens. Based on this premise, “multi-omics” immune system profiling should facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic strategies to alleviate cytokine storms caused by various diseases.

scholarly journals Triggers, Timescales, and Treatments for Cytokine-Mediated Tissue Damage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David McBride ◽  
Matthew Kerr ◽  
Nicholas Dorn ◽  
Dora Ogbonna ◽  
Evan Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Dysregulation ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
T Cell Therapy ◽  
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
Successes And Challenges

Inflammation, an essential cytokine-mediated process for generating a neutralising immune response against pathogens, is generally protective. However, aberrant or excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines is associated with uncontrolled local and systemic inflammation, resulting in cell death and often irreversible tissue damage. Uncontrolled inflammation can manifest over timescales spanning hours to years and is primarily dependent on the triggering event. Rapid and potentially lethal increases in cytokine production, or ‘cytokine storm’, develops in hours to days, and is associated with cancer cell-based immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. On the other hand, some bacterial and viral infections with high microbial replication or highly potent antigens elicit immune responses that result in supraphysiological systemic cytokine concentrations, which manifest over days to weeks. Immune dysregulation in autoimmune diseases can lead to chronic cytokine-mediated tissue damage spanning months to years, which often occurs episodically. Upregulation of IL-1, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor frequently coincides with cytokine storm, sepsis, and autoimmune disease. Inhibition of proinflammatory molecules via antagonist monoclonal antibodies has improved clinical outcomes, but the complexity of the underlying immune dysregulation results in high variability. Rather than a ‘one size fits all’ treatment approach, an identification of disease endotypes may permit the development of effective therapeutic strategies that address the contributors of disease progression. Here, the authors present a literature review of the cytokine-associated aetiology of acute and chronic cytokine-mediated tissue damage, describe successes and challenges in developing clinical treatments, and highlight advancements in preclinical therapeutic strategies for mitigating pathological cytokine production.

Nutritional Recommendation for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 753-757
Author(s):  
Anagha Gulhane ◽  
Shamli Hiware
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Life Phase ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Nutritional Recommendation

It is the most unreliable truth that anybody can get infected by the COVID-19, and nobody can escape from the danger of getting tainted by the virus. Yet, the line of hope is that anyone and everyone can boost their resistance, thus avoid the risk of getting affected by the illness. The immunity of humans pulls down as they grow older. If their immune system is robust, them falling sick is feeble. If their resistance is weak, them getting ill is sound. Several factors affect the immune system and its ability, including its nourishment. A two-way connection between nutrition, infection and immunity presents. Changes in one part will affect the others part in our body that's the nature's rule. Well defined immune system quality which is present between each life phase may influence the type, generality and the degree of infections. At the same time, low nutrition to the body will decrease the immune function and expose the body to the danger of getting infected by infectious diseases. Different quantity of micronutrients is required for increasing the immunity power of our body. Generally the vitamins A,C,D,E,B2,B6,B12, iron, zinc and selenium.The deficiencies of micronutrients are acknowledged as a global health issue, and also low nutrition makes it prone to establishes the infections in the body.

SARS-CoV-2 and Tissue Damage: Current Insights and Biomaterial-based Therapeutic Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Himadri Roy ◽  
Rupali Singh ◽  
Deepa Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Rapid Transmission

The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on humanity has gained worldwide attention and importance due to its rapid transmission, lack of treatment and high mortality rate. While scientists across the world...

scholarly journals Cell Death in Coronavirus Infections: Uncovering Its Role during COVID-19

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585
Author(s):  
Annamaria Paolini ◽  
Rebecca Borella ◽  
Sara De Biasi ◽  
Anita Neroni ◽  
Marco Mattioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Entry ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Cell Death Mechanisms ◽  
The One

Cell death mechanisms are crucial to maintain an appropriate environment for the functionality of healthy cells. However, during viral infections, dysregulation of these processes can be present and can participate in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease. In this review, we describe some features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and some immunopathogenic mechanisms characterizing the present coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Lymphopenia and monocytopenia are important contributors to COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. The fine mechanisms underlying these phenomena are still unknown, and several hypotheses have been raised, some of which assign a role to cell death as far as the reduction of specific types of immune cells is concerned. Thus, we discuss three major pathways such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, and suggest that all of them likely occur simultaneously in COVID-19 patients. We describe that SARS-CoV-2 can have both a direct and an indirect role in inducing cell death. Indeed, on the one hand, cell death can be caused by the virus entry into cells, on the other, the excessive concentration of cytokines and chemokines, a process that is known as a COVID-19-related cytokine storm, exerts deleterious effects on circulating immune cells. However, the overall knowledge of these mechanisms is still scarce and further studies are needed to delineate new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Executive Summary: 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
John N. Galgiani ◽  
Neil M. Ampel ◽  
Janis E. Blair ◽  
Antonino Catanzaro ◽  
Francesca Geertsma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Practice Guideline ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
At Risk Populations

Abstract It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. Infectious Diseases Society of America considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances. Coccidioidomycosis, also known as San Joaquin Valley fever, is a systemic infection endemic to parts of the southwestern United States and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere. Residence in and recent travel to these areas are critical elements for the accurate recognition of patients who develop this infection. In this practice guideline, we have organized our recommendations to address actionable questions concerning the entire spectrum of clinical syndromes. These can range from initial pulmonary infection, which eventually resolves whether or not antifungal therapy is administered, to a variety of pulmonary and extrapulmonary complications. Additional recommendations address management of coccidioidomycosis occurring for special at-risk populations. Finally, preemptive management strategies are outlined in certain at-risk populations and after unintentional laboratory exposure.

scholarly journals On the modeling of the interaction between tumor growth and the immune system using some new fractional and fractional-fractal operators

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Ghanbari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Approximate Solutions ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Uniqueness Of The Solution ◽  
Biological Concepts ◽  
New Research

Abstract Humans are always exposed to the threat of infectious diseases. It has been proven that there is a direct link between the strength or weakness of the immune system and the spread of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, AIDS, and Covid-19 as soon as the immune system has no the power to fight infections and infectious diseases. Moreover, it has been proven that mathematical modeling is a great tool to accurately describe complex biological phenomena. In the recent literature, we can easily find that these effective tools provide important contributions to our understanding and analysis of such problems such as tumor growth. This is indeed one of the main reasons for the need to study computational models of how the immune system interacts with other factors involved. To this end, in this paper, we present some new approximate solutions to a computational formulation that models the interaction between tumor growth and the immune system with several fractional and fractal operators. The operators used in this model are the Liouville–Caputo, Caputo–Fabrizio, and Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo in both fractional and fractal-fractional senses. The existence and uniqueness of the solution in each of these cases is also verified. To complete our analysis, we include numerous numerical simulations to show the behavior of tumors. These diagrams help us explain mathematical results and better describe related biological concepts. In many cases the approximate results obtained have a chaotic structure, which justifies the complexity of unpredictable and uncontrollable behavior of cancerous tumors. As a result, the newly implemented operators certainly open new research windows in further computational models arising in the modeling of different diseases. It is confirmed that similar problems in the field can be also be modeled by the approaches employed in this paper.

scholarly journals INTRODUCTION: Immune Relevant Animal Models: Opportunities and Challenges

ILAR Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-210
Author(s):  
Gregers Jungersen ◽  
Jorge Piedrahita
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Car T Cell ◽  
Car T ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models

Abstract Valid interpretation of preclinical animal models in immunology-related clinical challenges is important to solve outstanding clinical needs. Given the overall complexity of the immune system and both species- and tissue-specific immune peculiarities, the selection and design of appropriate immune-relevant animal models is, however, not following a straightforward path. The topics in this issue of the ILAR Journal provide assessments of immune-relevant animal models used in oncology, hematopoietic-, CAR-T cell- and xenotransplantation, adjuvants and infectious diseases, and immune privileged inflammation that are providing key insights into unmet human clinical needs.

scholarly journals Infectious and Noninfectious Granulomatosis in Patient with Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnostic Dilemmas and Followup

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jelena Paovic ◽  
Predrag Paovic ◽  
Vojislav Sredovic
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Initial Attack ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Retrobulbar Neuritis ◽  
Preoperative Procedures

Patient was followed up over the course of 30 years. In 1978, after severe systemic infection followed by fever, pulmonary edema, and numerous neurological manifestations, patient was differentially diagnosed with apoplectic form of multiple sclerosis (MS), which was confirmed a year later via neurological and MRI findings. Approximately 20 years following the initial attack, sarcoidosis was diagnosed during the regular preoperative procedures required for cataract surgery. As consequence of lower immune system, infectious granulomatosis in form of pulmonary tuberculosis developed. Ophthalmological findings revealed bilateral retrobulbar neuritis (RBN) approximately six years after initial attack. This developed into total uveitis with retinal periphlebitis and anterior granulomatous uveitis—all of which are clinically similar in both MS and sarcoidosis.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Infection Associated with Psychosis in Hemodialysis Patient

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. e312-e312
Author(s):  
Ahmed Atris ◽  
Issa Al Salmi ◽  
Suad Hannawi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Hemodialysis Patient ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Hemodialysis is a medical procedure to correct electrolyte imbalance and remove fluids and waste products from the blood of patients with end-stage renal disease. Dialysis patients are immunosuppressed and hence at risk of complications of coronavirus infection. In addition, dialysis for most patients is performed in-center, with therapy offered three times per week for 3.5 hours per session in sites highly exposed to virus contamination. A weak immune system and low cytokine storm explain why COVID-19 may be less severe in dialysis patients as death due to COVID-19 or effects on comorbidities in COVID-19 patients is due to overresponse against the virus by the immune system and cytokine storm. However, during the frequent trips between the dialysis center and home, the risk of coronavirus infection could be high. Moreover, hemodialysis patients constitute a distinct and high-risk group that is often associated with low immunity, decline or loss of the ability to work, substantial economic burden, the inability to fulfill family responsibilities and participate in an active social life, and suffer from various complications such as muscle weakness, pruritus, fatigue, diabetes, hypertension, and restless legs. These factors are associated with lower quality of life and poor clinical outcomes, leading to a higher risk of psychological problems than in the general population. We report a rare case of new-onset psychosis (mostly delirium) following COVID-19 infection in a middle-aged hemodialysis patient with rapid recovery.

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