scholarly journals Induction of Isochromanones by Co-Cultivation of the Marine Fungus Cosmospora sp. and the Phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 782
Author(s):  
Ernest Oppong-Danquah ◽  
Martina Blümel ◽  
Silvia Scarpato ◽  
Alfonso Mangoni ◽  
Deniz Tasdemir
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Marine Fungus ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Culture Extract

Microbial co-cultivation is a promising approach for the activation of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that remain transcriptionally silent under artificial culture conditions. As part of our project aiming at the discovery of marine-derived fungal agrochemicals, we previously used four phytopathogens as model competitors in the co-cultivation of 21 marine fungal strains. Based on comparative untargeted metabolomics analyses and anti-phytopathogenic activities of the co-cultures, we selected the co-culture of marine Cosmospora sp. with the phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae for in-depth chemical studies. UPLC-MS/MS-based molecular networking (MN) of the co-culture extract revealed an enhanced diversity of compounds in several molecular families, including isochromanones, specifically induced in the co-culture. Large scale co-cultivation of Cosmospora sp. and M. oryzae resulted in the isolation of five isochromanones from the whole co-culture extract, namely the known soudanones A, E, D (1-3) and their two new derivatives, soudanones H-I (4-5), the known isochromans, pseudoanguillosporins A and B (6, 7), naphtho-γ-pyrones, cephalochromin and ustilaginoidin G (8, 9), and ergosterol (10). Their structures were established by NMR, HR-ESIMS, FT-IR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy, polarimetry ([α]D), and Mosher’s ester reaction. Bioactivity assays revealed antimicrobial activity of compounds 2 and 3 against the phytopathogens M. oryzae and Phytophthora infestans, while pseudoanguillosporin A (6) showed the broadest and strongest anti-phytopathogenic activity against Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas campestris, M. oryzae and P. infestans. This is the first study assessing the anti-phytopathogenic activities of soudanones.

Cultivation of Eri-Silkworm Cordyceps militaris and Determination of its Amino Acid Composition

2013 ◽  
Vol 796 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Yu Qiao Jin ◽  
Bing Li
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Different Parts

In order to study eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris culture condition and the amino acid composition features in different parts of it, this experiment optimized eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris artificial culture conditions, and determined the amino acid composition in different parts. The results showed that the inoculated eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris which was kept at low temperature (18 ° C) and seventeen dark days grew well and began to use natural light in the eighteenth day with humidity 85%, temperature 21 ° C, which could induce the germination of the sporophore. The artificial cultivation period was about 40 days. Amino acid test shows that its sporophore and stroma are rich in 17 kinds of amino acids, including 7 kinds of essential amino acids. The higher levels of amino acids in its sporophore are lysine 15.28%, glutamate 15.05% and aspartate 7.55%. The higher levels of the amino acids in the stroma are glycine 16.11%, lysine 9.16% and glutamate 8.30%. The results indicate that eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris can be artificially cultured. As there are differences of amino acid composition in different parts of eri-silkworm Cordyceps militaris, this study lays the foundation for its large-scale cultivation and the exploitation of its amino acid nutrition.

scholarly journals Design of Fungal Co-Cultivation Based on Comparative Metabolomics and Bioactivity for Discovery of Marine Fungal Agrochemicals

Marine Drugs ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Oppong-Danquah ◽  
Paulina Budnicka ◽  
Martina Blümel ◽  
Deniz Tasdemir
Keyword(s):  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Chemical Profiles ◽  
D 20 ◽  
Selection Of

Microbial co-cultivation is employed for awakening silent biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) to enhance chemical diversity. However, the selection of appropriate partners for co-cultivation remains a challenge. Furthermore, competitive interactions involving the suppression of BGCs or upregulation of known, functional metabolite(s) during co-cultivation efforts is also common. Herein, we performed an alternative approach for targeted selection of the best co-cultivation pair. Eight marine sediment-derived fungi were classified as strong or weak, based on their anti-phytopathogenic potency. The fungi were co-cultured systematically and analyzed for their chemical profiles and anti-phytopathogenic activity. Based on enhanced bioactivity and a significantly different metabolite profile including the appearance of a co-culture specific cluster, the co-culture of Plenodomus influorescens (strong) and Pyrenochaeta nobilis (weak) was prioritized for chemical investigation. Large-scale co-cultivation resulted in isolation of five polyketide type compounds: two 12-membered macrolides, dendrodolide E (1) and its new analog dendrodolide N (2), as well as two rare azaphilones spiciferinone (3) and its new analog 8a-hydroxy-spiciferinone (4). A well-known bis-naphtho-γ-pyrone type mycotoxin, cephalochromin (5), whose production was specifically enhanced in the co-culture, was also isolated. Chemical structures of compounds 1–5 were elucidated by NMR, HRMS and [α] D 20 analyses. Compound 5 showed the strongest anti-phytopathogenic activity against Xanthomonas campestris and Phytophthora infestans with IC50 values of 0.9 and 1.7 µg/mL, respectively.

Comparative Mapping of Three Bacterial, Three Fungal, and One Virus Disease-resistance Genes in Common Bean

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 547a-547
Author(s):  
Geunhwa Jung ◽  
James Nienhuis ◽  
Dermot P. Coyne ◽  
H.M. Ariyarathne
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Disease Resistance Genes ◽  
Brown Spot ◽  
Viral Pathogen

Common bacterial blight (CBB), bacterial brown spot (BBS), and halo blight (HB), incited by the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye, Pseodomonas syringae pv. syringa, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, respectively are important diseases of common bean. In addition three fungal pathogens, web blight (WB) Thanatephorus cucumeris, rust Uromyces appendiculatus, and white mold (WM) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, are also destructive diseases attacking common bean. Bean common mosaic virus is also one of most major virus disease. Resistance genes (QTLs and major genes) to three bacterial (CBB, BBS, and HB), three fungal (WB, rust, and WM), and one viral pathogen (BCMV) were previously mapped in two common bean populations (BAC 6 × HT 7719 and Belneb RR-1 × A55). The objective of this research was to use an integrated RAPD map of the two populations to compare the positions and effect of resistance QTL in common bean. Results indicate that two chromosomal regions associated with QTL for CBB resistance mapped in both populations. The same chromosomal regions associated with QTL for disease resistance to different pathogens or same pathogens were detected in the integrated population.

scholarly journals In VitroActivity of Glucosinolates and Their Degradation Products against Brassica-Pathogenic Bacteria and Fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 432-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sotelo ◽  
M. Lema ◽  
P. Soengas ◽  
M. E. Cartea ◽  
P. Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Effects

ABSTRACTGlucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites found inBrassicavegetables that confer on them resistance against pests and diseases. Both GSLs and glucosinolate hydrolysis products (GHPs) have shown positive effects in reducing soil pathogens. Information about theirin vitrobiocide effects is scarce, but previous studies have shown sinigrin GSLs and their associated allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to be soil biocides. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biocide effects of 17 GSLs and GHPs and of leaf methanolic extracts of different GSL-enrichedBrassicacrops on suppressingin vitrogrowth of two bacterial (Xanthomonas campestrispv. campestris andPseudomonas syringaepv. maculicola) and two fungal (AlternariabrassicaeandSclerotiniascletoriorum)Brassicapathogens. GSLs, GHPs, and methanolic leaf extracts inhibited the development of the pathogens tested compared to the control, and the effect was dose dependent. Furthermore, the biocide effects of the different compounds studied were dependent on the species and race of the pathogen. These results indicate that GSLs and their GHPs, as well as extracts of differentBrassicaspecies, have potential to inhibit pathogen growth and offer new opportunities to study the use ofBrassicacrops in biofumigation for the control of multiple diseases.

scholarly journals An efficient direct screening system for microorganisms that activate plant immune responses based on plant–microbe interactions using cultured plant cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mari Kurokawa ◽  
Masataka Nakano ◽  
Nobutaka Kitahata ◽  
Kazuyuki Kuchitsu ◽  
Toshiki Furuya
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Plant Defense Responses ◽  
Microbe Interactions

AbstractMicroorganisms that activate plant immune responses have attracted considerable attention as potential biocontrol agents in agriculture because they could reduce agrochemical use. However, conventional methods to screen for such microorganisms using whole plants and pathogens are generally laborious and time consuming. Here, we describe a general strategy using cultured plant cells to identify microorganisms that activate plant defense responses based on plant–microbe interactions. Microbial cells were incubated with tobacco BY-2 cells, followed by treatment with cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor of tobacco immune responses secreted by an oomycete. Cryptogein-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BY-2 cells served as a marker to evaluate the potential of microorganisms to activate plant defense responses. Twenty-nine bacterial strains isolated from the interior of Brassica rapa var. perviridis plants were screened, and 8 strains that enhanced cryptogein-induced ROS production in BY-2 cells were selected. Following application of these strains to the root tip of Arabidopsis seedlings, two strains, Delftia sp. BR1R-2 and Arthrobacter sp. BR2S-6, were found to induce whole-plant resistance to bacterial pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovora NBRC 14082). Pathogen-induced expression of plant defense-related genes (PR-1, PR-5, and PDF1.2) was enhanced by the pretreatment with strain BR1R-2. This cell–cell interaction-based platform is readily applicable to large-scale screening for microorganisms that enhance plant defense responses under various environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and evidence-based pharmacological properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: extensive overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Félicien Mushagalusa Kasali ◽  
Jonans Tusiimire ◽  
Justin Ntokamunda Kadima ◽  
Amon Ganafa Agaba
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Chenopodium Ambrosioides ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Uses ◽  
Significant Health

Abstract Background The Chenopodium genus is a plant family widely spread worldwide that includes various plant species reputed to possess several medicinal virtues in folk medicines. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. is among the most used plants in traditional medicines worldwide. This review aimed to highlight ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical status, and pharmacological properties of C. ambrosioides L. Main body of the abstract The analysis of relevant data highlights various ethnomedicinal uses against human and veterinary diseases in forty countries. Most indications consisted of gastrointestinal tract dysfunctioning troubles and worms parasitemia. Around 330 chemical compounds have been identified in different plant parts, especially in its essential oil fractions (59.84%). However, only a few compounds—mainly monoterpenes and glycosides—have been isolated and characterized. Experimental pharmacological studies validated a large scale of significant health benefits. It appeared that many monoterpenes are antioxidant, insecticidal, trypanocidal, analgesic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, acaricidal, amoebicidal, anthelmintic, anticancer, antibacterial, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antifertility, antifungal, anti-leishmanial, antimalarial, antipyretic, antisickling, antischistosomal, antiulcer, anxiolytic, immunomodulatory, molluscicidal, and vasorelaxant agents. Short conclusion Thus, the Chenopodium ambrosioides species necessitates further chemical studies to isolate and characterize new bioactive secondary metabolites and pharmacological investigations to precise the mechanisms of action before clinical trials.

scholarly journals Characterization of a Unique Chromosomal Copper Resistance Gene Cluster from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 8284-8291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huseyin Basim ◽  
Gerald V. Minsavage ◽  
Robert E. Stall ◽  
Jaw-Fen Wang ◽  
Savita Shanker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
The United States ◽  
Copper Resistance ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Copper Resistance Genes

ABSTRACT We characterized the copper resistance genes in strain XvP26 of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, which was originally isolated from a pepper plant in Taiwan. The copper resistance genes were localized to a 7,652-bp region which, based on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization, was determined to be located on the chromosome. These genes hybridized only weakly, as determined by Southern analysis, to other copper resistance genes in Xanthomonas and Pseudomonas strains. We identified five open reading frames (ORFs) whose products exhibited high levels of amino acid sequence identity to the products of previously reported copper genes. Mutations in ORF1, ORF3, and ORF4 removed copper resistance, whereas mutations in ORF5 resulted in an intermediate copper resistance phenotype and insertions in ORF2 had no effect on resistance conferred to a copper-sensitive recipient in transconjugant tests. Based on sequence analysis, ORF1 was determined to have high levels of identity with the CopR (66%) and PcoR (63%) genes in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Escherichia coli, respectively. ORF2 and ORF5 had high levels of identity with the PcoS gene in E. coli and the gene encoding a putative copper-containing oxidoreductase signal peptide protein in Sinorhizobium meliloti, respectively. ORF3 and ORF4 exhibited 23% identity to the gene encoding a cation efflux system membrane protein, CzcC, and 62% identity to the gene encoding a putative copper-containing oxidoreductase protein, respectively. The latter two ORFs were determined to be induced following exposure to low concentrations of copper, while addition of Co, Cd, or Zn resulted in no significant induction. PCR analysis of 51 pepper and 34 tomato copper-resistant X. campestris pv. vesicatoria strains collected from several regions in Taiwan between 1987 and 2000 and nine copper-resistant strains from the United States and South America showed that successful amplification of DNA was obtained only for strain XvP26. The organization of this set of copper resistance genes appears to be uncommon, and the set appears to occur rarely in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity screening of rhizosphere soil bacteria from tomato and genome-based analysis of their antimicrobial biosynthetic potential

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Zhou ◽  
Chunxu Song ◽  
Zhibo Li ◽  
Oscar P. Kuipers
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Erwinia Carotovora ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Tomato Disease

Abstract Background Tomato plant growth is frequently hampered by a high susceptibility to pests and diseases. Traditional chemical control causes a serious impact on both the environment and human health. Therefore, seeking environment-friendly and cost-effective green methods in agricultural production becomes crucial nowadays. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can promote plant growth through biological activity. Their use is considered to be a promising sustainable approach for crop growth. Moreover, a vast number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for secondary metabolite production are being revealed in PGPR, which helps to find potential anti-microbial activities for tomato disease control. Results We isolated 181 Bacillus-like strains from healthy tomato, rhizosphere soil, and tomato tissues. In vitro antagonistic assays revealed that 34 Bacillus strains have antimicrobial activity against Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas syringae; Rhizoctonia solani; Botrytis cinerea; Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora infestans. The genomes of 10 Bacillus and Paenibacillus strains with good antagonistic activity were sequenced. Via genome mining approaches, we identified 120 BGCs encoding NRPs, PKs-NRPs, PKs, terpenes and bacteriocins, including known compounds such as fengycin, surfactin, bacillibactin, subtilin, etc. In addition, several novel BGCs were identified. We discovered that the NRPs and PKs-NRPs BGCs in Bacillus species are encoding highly conserved known compounds as well as various novel variants. Conclusions This study highlights the great number of varieties of BGCs in Bacillus strains. These findings pave the road for future usage of Bacillus strains as biocontrol agents for tomato disease control and are a resource arsenal for novel antimicrobial discovery.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas syringae Phytotoxins: Mode of Action, Regulation, and Biosynthesis by Peptide and Polyketide Synthetases

1999 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L. Bender ◽  
Francisco Alarcón-Chaidez ◽  
Dennis C. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Peptide Synthetases ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
And Function

SUMMARY Coronatine, syringomycin, syringopeptin, tabtoxin, and phaseolotoxin are the most intensively studied phytotoxins of Pseudomonas syringae, and each contributes significantly to bacterial virulence in plants. Coronatine functions partly as a mimic of methyl jasmonate, a hormone synthesized by plants undergoing biological stress. Syringomycin and syringopeptin form pores in plasma membranes, a process that leads to electrolyte leakage. Tabtoxin and phaseolotoxin are strongly antimicrobial and function by inhibiting glutamine synthetase and ornithine carbamoyltransferase, respectively. Genetic analysis has revealed the mechanisms responsible for toxin biosynthesis. Coronatine biosynthesis requires the cooperation of polyketide and peptide synthetases for the assembly of the coronafacic and coronamic acid moieties, respectively. Tabtoxin is derived from the lysine biosynthetic pathway, whereas syringomycin, syringopeptin, and phaseolotoxin biosynthesis requires peptide synthetases. Activation of phytotoxin synthesis is controlled by diverse environmental factors including plant signal molecules and temperature. Genes involved in the regulation of phytotoxin synthesis have been located within the coronatine and syringomycin gene clusters; however, additional regulatory genes are required for the synthesis of these and other phytotoxins. Global regulatory genes such as gacS modulate phytotoxin production in certain pathovars, indicating the complexity of the regulatory circuits controlling phytotoxin synthesis. The coronatine and syringomycin gene clusters have been intensively characterized and show potential for constructing modified polyketides and peptides. Genetic reprogramming of peptide and polyketide synthetases has been successful, and portions of the coronatine and syringomycin gene clusters could be valuable resources in developing new antimicrobial agents.

scholarly journals Carbon Nanosorbent for Purification Different Biomolecules

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Z.A. Mansurov ◽  
A.R. Kerimkulova ◽  
S.A. Ibragimova ◽  
E.Y. Gukenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Carbon Sorbent ◽  
Nanostructured Carbon ◽  
Lipid Complex ◽  
Carbon Sorbents ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Chemical Studies

The article presents the results of physico-chemical studies on the development of nanostructured carbon materials from domestic raw materials. Were obtained and tested micro-mesoporous carbon sorbents for molecular-sieve chromatography of markers and investigated the applicability of carbon sorbents for the separation of protein-lipid complex, and plant bio-stimulator. Carbon sorbents have well-developed porous structure but their disadvantage is the weak mechanical<br />strength. Recently it was shown that some carbon nanostructures have enormous strength. Thus arose the need to give the nano structured elements to carbon sorbent. Creating carbon sorbents containing nanocarbon structure was the aim of our study, as these by sorbents will be very useful for large-scale purification of biomolecules.

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