scholarly journals Identification and Fine Mapping of the Recessive Gene BK-5, Which Affects Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Plant Brittleness in Maize

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 814
Author(s):  
Qigui Li ◽  
Shujun Nie ◽  
Gaoke Li ◽  
Jiyuan Du ◽  
Ruchang Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cell Wall Development

The cellulose of the plant cell wall indirectly affects the cell shape and straw stiffness of the plant. Here, the novel brittleness mutant brittle stalk-5 (bk-5) of the maize inbred line RP125 was characterized. We found that the mutant displayed brittleness of the stalk and even the whole plant, and that the brittleness phenotype existed during the whole growth period from germination to senescence. The compressive strength was reduced, the cell wall was thinner, and the cellulose content was decreased compared to that of the wild type. Genetic analysis and map-based cloning indicated that bk-5 was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene and that it was located in a 90.2-Kb region on chromosome 3 that covers three open reading frames (ORFs). Sequence analysis revealed a single non-synonymous missense mutation, T-to-A, in the last exon of Zm00001d043477 (B73: version 4, named BK-5) that caused the 951th amino acid to go from leucine to histidine. BK-5 encodes a cellulose synthase catalytic subunit (CesA), which is involved with cellulose synthesis. We found that BK-5 was constitutively expressed in all tissues of the germinating stage and silking stage, and highly expressed in the leaf, auricula, and root of the silking stage and the 2-cm root and bud of the germinating stage. We found that BK-5 mainly localized to the Golgi apparatus, suggesting that the protein might move to the plasma membrane with the aid of Golgi in maize. According to RNA-seq data, bk-5 had more downregulated genes than upregulated genes, and many of the downregulated genes were enzymes and transcription factors related to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall. The other differentially expressed genes were related to metabolic and cellular processes, and were significantly enriched in hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, and the plant–pathogen interaction pathway. Taken together, we propose that the mutation of gene BK-5 causes the brittle stalk phenotype and provides important insights into the regulatory mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall development in maize.

scholarly journals Sheep Digestive Physiology and Constituents of Feeds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Medjekal ◽  
Mouloud Ghadbane
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Cell Plate ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
The Common

Sheep have a gastrointestinal tract similar to that of other ruminants. Their stomach is made up of four digestive organs: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum. The rumen plays a role in storing ingested foods, which are fermented by a complex anaerobic rumen microbiota population with different types of interactions, positive or negative, that can occur between their microbial populations. Sheep feeding is largely based on the use of natural or cultivated fodder, which is exploited in green by grazing during the growth period of the grass and in the form of fodder preserved during the winter period. Ruminant foods are essentially of plant origin, and their constituents belong to two types of structures: intracellular constituents and cell wall components. Cellular carbohydrates play a role of metabolites or energy reserves; soluble carbohydrates account for less than 10% dry matter (DM) of foods. The plant cell wall is multi-layered and consists of primary wall and secondary wall. Fundamentally, the walls are deposited at an early stage of growth. A central blade forms the common boundary layer between two adjacent cells and occupies the location of the cell plate. Most of the plant cell walls consist of polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic substances) and lignin, these constituents being highly polymerized, as well as proteins and tannins.

scholarly journals Cellulose synthase interactive1- and microtubule-dependent cell wall architecture is required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2982-2994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoran Xin ◽  
Lei Lei ◽  
Yunzhen Zheng ◽  
Tian Zhang ◽  
Sai Venkatesh Pingali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Cell Wall Assembly ◽  
Dependent Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Architecture

Abstract Auxin-induced cell elongation relies in part on the acidification of the cell wall, a process known as acid growth that presumably triggers expansin-mediated wall loosening via altered interactions between cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose microfibrils are a major determinant for anisotropic growth and they provide the scaffold for cell wall assembly. Little is known about how acid growth depends on cell wall architecture. To explore the relationship between acid growth-mediated cell elongation and plant cell wall architecture, two mutants (jia1-1 and csi1-3) that are defective in cellulose biosynthesis and cellulose microfibril organization were analyzed. The study revealed that cell elongation is dependent on CSI1-mediated cell wall architecture but not on the overall crystalline cellulose content. We observed a correlation between loss of crossed-polylamellate walls and loss of auxin- and fusicoccin-induced cell growth in csi1-3. Furthermore, induced loss of crossed-polylamellate walls via disruption of cortical microtubules mimics the effect of csi1 in acid growth. We hypothesize that CSI1- and microtubule-dependent crossed-polylamellate walls are required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.

scholarly journals Differential Gene Expression of Brachypodium distachyon Roots Colonized by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and the Role of BdCESA8 in the Colonization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Yang ◽  
Kathleen A. Hill ◽  
Ryan S. Austin ◽  
Lining Tian
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Gluconacetobacter Diazotrophicus ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing

Alternatives to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer are needed to reduce the costs of crop production and offset environmental damage. Nitrogen-fixing bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus has been proposed as a possible biofertilizer for monocot crop production. However, the colonization of G. diazotrophicus in most monocot crops is limited and deep understanding of the response of host plants to G. diazotrophicus colonization is still lacking. In this study, the molecular response of the monocot plant model Brachypodium distachyon was studied during G. diazotrophicus root colonization. The gene expression profiles of B. distachyon root tissues colonized by G. diazotrophicus were generated via next-generation RNA sequencing, and investigated through gene ontology and metabolic pathway analysis. The RNA sequencing results indicated that Brachypodium is actively involved in G. diazotrophicus colonization via cell wall synthesis. Jasmonic acid, ethylene, gibberellin biosynthesis. nitrogen assimilation, and primary and secondary metabolite pathways are also modulated to accommodate and control the extent of G. diazotrophicus colonization. Cellulose synthesis is significantly downregulated during colonization. The loss of function mutant for Brachypodium cellulose synthase 8 (BdCESA8) showed decreased cellulose content in xylem and increased resistance to G. diazotrophicus colonization. This result suggested that the cellulose synthesis of the secondary cell wall is involved in G. diazotrophicus colonization. The results of this study provide insights for future research in regard to gene manipulation for efficient colonization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Brachypodium and monocot crops. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

scholarly journals Golgi-localized GALT7 and GALT8 participate in cellulose biosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Nibbering ◽  
Romain Castilleux ◽  
Gunnar Wingsle ◽  
Totte Niittylä
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Primary Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Assembly ◽  
Protein Levels

AbstractArabinogalactan protein (AGP) glycan biosynthesis in the Golgi apparatus contributes to plant cell wall assembly, but the mechanisms underlying this process are largely unknown. Here, we show that two putative galactosyltransferases -named GALT7 and GALT8 -from the glycosyltransferase family 31 (GT31) of Arabidopsis thaliana participate in cellulose biosynthesis. galt7galt8 mutants show primary cell wall defects manifesting as impaired growth and cell expansion in seedlings and etiolated hypocotyls, along with secondary cell wall defects, apparent as collapsed xylem vessels and reduced xylem wall thickness in the inflorescence stem. These phenotypes were associated with a ∼30% reduction in cellulose content, a ∼50% reduction in secondary cell wall CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) protein levels and reduced cellulose biosynthesis rate. CESA transcript levels were not significantly altered in galt7galt8 mutants, suggesting that the reduction in CESA levels was caused by a post-transcriptional mechanism. We provide evidence that both GALT7 and GALT8 localise to the Golgi apparatus, while quantitative proteomics experiments revealed reduced levels of the entire FLA subgroup B in the galt7galt8 mutants. This leads us to hypothesize that a defect in FLA subgroup B glycan biosynthesis reduces cellulose biosynthesis rate in galt7galt8 mutants.

scholarly journals PmMYB4, a Transcriptional Activator from Pinus massoniana, Regulates Secondary Cell Wall Formation and Lignin Biosynthesis

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1618
Author(s):  
Sheng Yao ◽  
Peizhen Chen ◽  
Ye Yu ◽  
Mengyang Zhang ◽  
Dengbao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Reading Frame

Wood formation originates in the biosynthesis of lignin and further leads to secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis in woody plants. Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) is an economically important industrial timber tree, and its wood yield affects the stable development of the paper industry. However, the regulatory mechanisms of SCW formation in Masson pine are still unclear. In this study, we characterized PmMYB4, which is a Pinus massoniana MYB gene involved in SCW biosynthesis. The open reading frame (ORF) of PmMYB4 was 1473 bp, which encoded a 490 aa protein and contained two distinctive R2 and R3 MYB domains. It was shown to be a transcription factor, with the highest expression in semi-lignified stems. We overexpressed PmMYB4 in tobacco. The results indicated that PmMYB4 overexpression increased lignin deposition, SCW thickness, and the expression of genes involved in SCW formation. Further analysis indicated that PmMYB4 bound to AC-box motifs and might directly activate the promoters of genes (PmPAL and PmCCoAOMT) involved in SCW biosynthesis. In addition, PmMYB4-OE(over expression) transgenic lines had higher lignin and cellulose contents and gene expression than control plants, indicating that PmMYB4 regulates SCW mainly by targeting lignin biosynthetic genes. In summary, this study illustrated the MYB-induced SCW mechanism in Masson pine and will facilitate enhanced lignin and cellulose synthesis in genetically engineered trees.

scholarly journals Identification of Putative Cell Wall Synthesis Genes in Betula pendula

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Chen ◽  
Xin Lin ◽  
Xiyang Zhao ◽  
Su Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Cell Wall Synthesis ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall Synthesis

Abstract BackgroundCellulose is an essential structural component of plant cell wall and is an important resource to produce paper, textiles, bioplastics and other biomaterials. The synthesis of cellulose is among the most important but poorly understood biochemical processes, which is precisely regulated by internal and external cues.ResultsHere, we identified 46 gene models in 7 gene families which encoding cellulose synthase and related enzymes of Betula pendula, and the transcript abundance of these genes in xylem, root, leaf and flower tissues also be determined. Based on these RNA-seq data, we have identified 8 genes that most likely participate in secondary cell wall synthesis, which include 3 cellulose synthase genes and 5 cellulose synthase-like genes. In parallel, a gene co-expression network was also constructed based on transcriptome sequencing.ConclusionsIn this study, we have identified a total of 46 cell wall synthesis genes in B. pendula, which include 8 secondary cell wall synthesis genes. These analyses will help decipher the genetic information of the cell wall synthesis genes, elucidate the molecular mechanism of cellulose synthesis and understand the cell wall structure in B. pendula.

Probing Chemical and Physical Properties of Poplar Tension Wood Using Confocal Raman Microscopy and Pulsed Force Mode Atomic Force Microscopy

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (19-20) ◽  
pp. 1103-1109
Author(s):  
Mikhael Soliman ◽  
Laurene Tetard
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Force Mode ◽  
Confocal Raman ◽  
Mode Atomic Force Microscopy

ABSTRACTLignocellulosic biofuels have been identified as a possible solution to contribute to the world’s demands in energy and environmental sustainability. However, the fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical traits hindering key reactions during biomass to biofuel conversion processes has been limited by the lack of suitable tools and by the large natural variability in such systems. Reaction wood constitutes a good model system to study variations of cellulose content, given the increase in cellulose content in the cell walls of the region under tension in the plant during growth. In this work, we use confocal Raman mapping and Pulsed Force Mode Atomic Force Microscopy (PFM) to explore the effect of variation in cellulose content on the structure and composition of the plant cell wall at the nanoscale. Using statistical analysis on Raman datasets, the characteristic peaks for cellulose and lignin are examined to reveal changes in peak positions across the different scanned regions of the cross section. PFM is used to study local mechanical properties of the different layers of the cell wall. Our approach facilitates the correlation of structure-composition traits of the plant cell wall for a more fundamental understanding of processes involved in biofuel research.

Molecular analysis of the hull-less seed trait in pumpkin: expression profiles of genes related to seed coat development11

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd N. Bezold ◽  
Dennis Mathews ◽  
J. Brent Loy ◽  
Subhash C. Minocha
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Lignin Biosynthesis ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Cell Wall Development

We undertook a comparative study of molecular changes during development of seed coats in the wild-type and a recessive hull-less mutant of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), with the goal of identifying key genes involved in secondary cell wall development in the testa. The mature mutant testa has reduced amounts of cellulose and lignin as compared to the wild type. The expression patterns of several genes involved in secondary cell wall biosynthesis during the development of the testa are described. These genes are: CELLULOSE SYNTHASE, PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE, 4-COUMARATE-CoA LIGASE, and CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE. Additionally, the expression patterns of a few genes that were differentially expressed in the two genotypes during testa development (GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE PROTEIN E, a SERINE-THREONINE KINASE, and a β-UREIDOPROPIONASE) are presented. The results show a coordinated expression of several genes involved in cellulose and lignin biosynthesis, as well as marked differences in the level of their expression between the two genotypes during testa development. There is generally a higher expression of genes involved in cellulose and lignin biosynthesis in the wild-type testa as compared to the mutant. The molecular data presented here are consistent with anatomical and biochemical differences between the wild-type and the mutant testae. An understanding of the genes involved in cell wall development in the testa will facilitate the manipulation of seed coat development in Cucurbita and other species for diverse commercial applications.

scholarly journals Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) Proteins

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (14) ◽  
pp. 4335
Author(s):  
Gerasimos Daras ◽  
Dimitris Templalexis ◽  
Fengoula Avgeri ◽  
Dikran Tsitsekian ◽  
Konstantina Karamanou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Cellulose Synthase ◽  
Protein Isoforms ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Biotic Stresses

The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.

Genetic dissection of plant cell-wall biosynthesis

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Bonetta ◽  
M. Facette ◽  
T. K. Raab ◽  
C. R. Somerville
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Mutant Cell ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Cellulose Synthesis ◽  
Neutral Sugar

The plant cell wall is a complex structure consisting of a variety of polymers including cellulose, xyloglucan, xylan and polygalacturonan. Biochemical and genetic analysis has made it possible to clone genes encoding cellulose synthases (CesA). A comparison of the predicted protein sequences in the Arabidopsis genome indicates that 30 divergent genes with similarity to CesAs exist. It is possible that these cellulose synthase-like (Csl) proteins do not contribute to cellulose synthesis, but rather to the synthesis of other wall polymers. A major challenge is, therefore, to assign biological function to these genes. In an effort to address this issue we have systematically identified T-DNA or transposon insertions in 17 Arabidopsis Csls. Phenotypic characterization of ‘knock-out’ mutants includes the determination of spectroscopic profile differences in mutant cell walls from wild-type plants by Fourier-transform IR microscopy. A more precise characterization includes cell wall fractionation followed by neutral sugar composition analysis by anionic exchange chromatography.

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