scholarly journals A New RING Finger Protein, PLANT ARCHITECTURE and GRAIN NUMBER 1, Affects Plant Architecture and Grain Yield in Rice

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Peiwen Yan ◽  
Yu Zhu ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Fuying Ma ◽  
Dengyong Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Ring Finger Protein ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
New Gene

Developing methods for increasing the biomass and improving the plant architecture is important for crop improvement. We herein describe a gene belonging to the RING_Ubox (RING (Really Interesting New Gene) finger domain and U-box domain) superfamily, PLANT ARCHITECTURE and GRAIN NUMBER 1 (PAGN1), which regulates the number of grains per panicle, the plant height, and the number of tillers. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to introduce loss-of-function mutations to OsPAGN1. Compared with the control plants, the resulting pagn1 mutant plants had a higher grain yield because of increases in the plant height and in the number of tillers and grains per panicle. Thus, OsPAGN1 may be useful for the genetic improvement of plant architecture and yield. An examination of evolutionary relationships revealed that OsPAGN1 is highly conserved in rice. We demonstrated that OsPAGN1 can interact directly with OsCNR10 (CELL NUMBER REGULATOR10), which negatively regulates the number of rice grains per panicle. A transcriptome analysis indicated that silencing OsPAGN1 affects the levels of active cytokinins in rice. Therefore, our findings have clarified the OsPAGN1 functions related to rice growth and grain development.

Dwarf and Increased Branching 1 controls plant height and axillary bud outgrowth in Medicago truncatula

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (20) ◽  
pp. 6355-6365
Author(s):  
Xiaojia Zhang ◽  
Liangliang He ◽  
Baolin Zhao ◽  
Shaoli Zhou ◽  
Youhan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Axillary Bud ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Axillary Bud Outgrowth

Abstract Optimizing plant architecture is an efficient approach for breeders to increase crop yields, and phytohormones such as gibberellins (GAs) play an important role in controlling growth. Medicago truncatula is a model legume species, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its architecture are largely unknown. In this study, we examined a tobacco retrotransposon Tnt1-tagged mutant collection of M. truncatula and identified dwarf and increased branching 1 (dib1), which exhibited extreme dwarfism and increased numbers of lateral branches. By analysis of the flanking sequences of Tnt1 insertions in different alleles of the tagged lines, we were able to clone DIB1. Linkage analysis and reverse screening of the flanking-sequence tags identified Medtr2g102570 as the gene corresponding to the DIB1 locus in the dib1 loss-of-function mutants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that DIB1 was the ortholog of PsGA3ox1/Le in Pisum sativum. Expression analysis using a GUS-staining reporter line showed that DIB1 was expressed in the root apex, pods, and immature seeds. Endogenous GA4 concentrations were markedly decreased whilst some of representative GA biosynthetic enzymes were up-regulated in the dib1 mutant. In addition, exogenous application of GA3 rescued the dib1 mutant phenotypes. Overall, our results suggest that DIB1 controls plant height and axillary bud outgrowth via an influence on the biosynthesis of bioactive GAs. DIB1 could therefore be a good candidate gene for breeders to optimize plant architecture for crop improvement.

scholarly journals The Peripubertal Decline in Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 Expression is Independent of Leptin Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A Roberts ◽  
Ana Paula Abreu ◽  
Victor M Navarro ◽  
Joy N Liang ◽  
Caroline A Maguire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Pubertal Development ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Central Precocious Puberty ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Ring Finger Protein ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Finger Protein ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract A critical body weight is necessary for pubertal development, an effect mediated in part by leptin. The potential regulation by leptin of Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 (MKRN3), in which loss-of-function mutations are the most common genetic cause of central precocious puberty, has not been previously explored. In mice, expression of Mkrn3 in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is high early in life and declines before the onset of puberty. Therefore, we aimed to explore if leptin contributes to the decrease in hypothalamic Mkrn3 mRNA levels observed in mice during pubertal development. We first used a leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse model. Mkrn3 mRNA levels in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), which includes the arcuate nucleus, and in the preoptic area (POA), both showed a significant decrease with age from postnatal day (PND) 12 to PND30 in ob/ob mice in both males and females, similar to that observed in wild-type mice. To further explore the effects of leptin on Mkrn3 expression, we exposed prepubertal wild-type mice to high levels of leptin from age PND9-12, which did not result in any significant difference in Mkrn3 expression levels in either the MBH or POA. In summary, regulation of Mkrn3 expression by leptin was not observed in either the MBH or the POA, 2 hypothalamic sites important for pubertal maturation. These data suggest that the decline in Mkrn3 at the onset of puberty may occur independently of leptin and support our hypothesis that MKRN3 is a bona fide controller of puberty initiation.

scholarly journals Identification and characterization of a natural polymorphism in FT-A2 associated with increased number of grains per spike in wheat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Glenn ◽  
Junli Zhang ◽  
Gina Brown-Guedira ◽  
Noah DeWitt ◽  
Jason P. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike

Abstract Key message We discovered a natural FT-A2 allele that increases grain number per spike in both pasta and bread wheat with limited effect on heading time. Abstract Increases in wheat grain yield are necessary to meet future global food demands. A previous study showed that loss-of-function mutations in FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) increase spikelet number per spike (SNS), an important grain yield component. However, these mutations were also associated with reduced fertility, offsetting the beneficial effect of the increases in SNS on grain number. Here, we report a natural mutation resulting in an aspartic acid to alanine change at position 10 (D10A) associated with significant increases in SNS and no negative effects on fertility. Using a high-density genetic map, we delimited the SNS candidate region to a 5.2-Mb region on chromosome 3AS including 28 genes. Among them, only FT-A2 showed a non-synonymous polymorphism (D10A) present in two different populations segregating for the SNS QTL on chromosome arm 3AS. These results, together with the known effect of the ft-A2 mutations on SNS, suggest that variation in FT-A2 is the most likely cause of the observed differences in SNS. We validated the positive effects of the A10 allele on SNS, grain number, and grain yield per spike in near-isogenic tetraploid wheat lines and in an hexaploid winter wheat population. The A10 allele is present at very low frequency in durum wheat and at much higher frequency in hexaploid wheat, particularly in winter and fall-planted spring varieties. These results suggest that the FT-A2 A10 allele may be particularly useful for improving grain yield in durum wheat and fall-planted common wheat varieties.

Decoding the SUMO signal

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald T. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Ring Finger ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Ring Finger Protein ◽  
Ubiquitin E3 Ligase ◽  
Finger Protein ◽  
Polymeric Chains ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Shed Light

SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) emerged from the shadow of the well-established ubiquitin some 15 years ago when it was shown that a distinct conjugation pathway was responsible for SUMO modification. Since then it has been established that SUMO modifies over a thousand substrates and plays diverse roles in many important biological processes. Recognition of SUMO is mediated by short peptide sequences known as SIMs (SUMO-interaction motifs) that allow effector proteins to engage SUMO-modified substrates. Like ubiquitin, SUMO can form polymeric chains, and these chains can be recognized by proteins containing multiple SIMs. One protein that contains such a sequence of SIMs also contains a RING (really interesting new gene) domain that is the hallmark of a ubiquitin E3 ligase. This ubiquitin ligase known as RNF4 (RING finger protein 4) has the unique property that it can recognize SUMO-modified proteins and target them for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Structural and biochemical analyses of RNF4 has shed light on the long sought after mechanism of ubiquitin transfer and illustrates how its RING domain primes the ubiquitin-loaded E2 for catalysis.

scholarly journals TaLAMP1 Plays Key Roles in Plant Architecture and Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer in Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Shi ◽  
Yiping Tong
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike ◽  
Spike Number

Understanding the molecular mechanisms in wheat response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer will help us to breed wheat varieties with improved yield and N use efficiency. Here, we cloned TaLAMP1-3A, -3B, and -3D, which were upregulated in roots and shoots of wheat by low N availability. In a hydroponic culture, lateral root length and N uptake were decreased in both overexpression and knockdown of TaLAMP1 at the seedling stage. In the field experiment with normal N supply, the grain yield of overexpression of TaLAMP1-3B is significantly reduced (14.5%), and the knockdown of TaLAMP1 was significantly reduced (15.5%). The grain number per spike of overexpression of TaLAMP1-3B was significantly increased (7.2%), but the spike number was significantly reduced (19.2%) compared with wild type (WT), although the grain number per spike of knockdown of TaLAMP1 was significantly decreased (15.3%), with no difference in the spike number compared with WT. Combined with the agronomic data from the field experiment of normal N and low N, both overexpression and knockdown of TaLAMP1 inhibited yield response to N fertilizer. Overexpressing TaLAMP1-3B greatly increased grain N concentration with no significant detrimental effect on grain yield under low N conditions; TaLAMP1-3 B is therefore valuable in engineering wheat for low input agriculture. These results suggested that TaLAMP1 is critical for wheat adaptation to N availability and in shaping plant architecture by regulating spike number per plant and grain number per spike. Optimizing TaLAMP1 expression may facilitate wheat breeding with improved yield, grain N concentration, and yield responses to N fertilizer.

scholarly journals Sorgo en doble hilera versus surco sencillo en el noreste de México.

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Raúl Rodríguez ◽  
Heriberto Torres ◽  
Héctor Williams ◽  
Noé Montes
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Randomized Block Design

An experiment was conducted to compare the traditional sorghum sowing method (single row) with double row method in the spring of 1992 under irrigation conditions in Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas, Mexico. A Complete Randomized Block design with a 2 x 5 factorial distribution was used with six replications; where the factors were: sowing method (doble and single row) and population density (187, 256, 342, 375 and 435 thousand plants/hectare). The hybrid Pioneer 8244 was used and planted at 0.80 m between rows. The parameters evaluated were plant height, panicle excertion, panic1e lenght and weight, grain number and moisture, weight of a thousand grains, grain yield and plant mortality. Mean separations were run using the Duncan's test. The grain yield and number per panicle were higher in double row method than in single row by 7.5 and 18.9 %, respectively; while grain weight and plant height showed higher values in single row than doble row. On the other hand, the weight and panic1e length decreased when population density increased in both methods, while panic1e excertion and plant mortality increased.

scholarly journals Chemical control of rice whitefly (Aleurocybotus occiduus Maria) in Chitwan, Nepal

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
S Pokhrel ◽  
SP Pokhrel
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Green Leaves ◽  
Leaf Yellowing

Effectiveness of five common insecticides was evaluated against a newly established rice insect, Whitefly (Aleurocybotus occiduus Maria) on main season rice (var: Sabitri) at Bharatpur-10, Chitwan (350 m) in 2005. The insecticides tested were: Noorani (Chloropyrifos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC) @ 2ml/litre of water, Rogar @ 1.5ml/litre of water, Phoskil (monocrotophos) @ 2ml/litre of water, Furadan @ 1kg a.i/ha and Anumida (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) @ 1ml/4 litre of water. The plant growth parameters: plant height, number of yellow and green leaves, active and dead tillers and the grain yield were recorded. Anumida (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) provided perfect control of Whitefly and gave the highest plant height (60 vs 50 cm), highest leaf number (46.7 vs 3.7), highest tillering (4.4 folds), highest green infertile tillers (16.3 vs6.7) with highest number of ears (3.0 vs 0.0) and grain number (26.3 vs 0.0)/hill. Anumida (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) also provided comparatively lower leaf yellowing and drying (8.5 vs 22.5) then the control. Anumida (Imidacloprid 17.8% SL) @ 1ml/ 4 liter of water is recommended against rice Whitefly however, Rogar @ 1.5 ml/litre of water, Phoskil (monocrotophos) @ 2ml/litre of water, Noorani (Chloropyrifos 50% + Cypermethrine 5% EC) @ 2ml/liter of water and Furadan @ 1kg a.i./ha also can serve the purpose. The hills not using insecticide were completely failure to produce ears and grains. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v2i0.7520 Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 2: 2011 pp.42-55

scholarly journals Characterization and Fine Mapping of a New Dwarf Mutant in Brassica Napus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Fujiang Xiang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jindong Yan ◽  
Xinmei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Fine Mapping ◽  
Plant Architecture ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Dwarf Mutant ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lodging Resistance ◽  
Commercial Cultivar

Abstract Background: Plant height is an important plant architecture character closely related to yield performance of many crops. Reasonable reduction of plant height of crops is beneficial for enhancing lodging resistance and improving yield. Results: In the present study, we described a Brassica napus dwarf mutant bnd2 induced by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. Compared to wild type, bnd2 showed shorter stature, shorter hypocotyl, as well as shorter petiole leaves. We crossed the bnd2 mutant with its wild type and found that the ratio of the mutant to the wild type in the F2 population was close to 1:3, indicating that bnd2 is a recessive mutation of a single locus. Following bulked segregant analysis (BSA) by resequencing, BND2 was located into the 13.77 Mb-18.08 Mb interval of chromosome A08, with a length of 4.31 Mb. After fine mapping with SNP and InDel markers, the gene was narrowed to a 140-Kb interval ranging from 15.62 Mb to 15.76 Mb. According to reference genome annotation, there are 27 genes in the interval, and one of them BnaA08g20960D has a SNP type variation in the intron between the mutant and its parent, which may be the candidate gene conferring to BND2. The hybrid line derived from a cross between the mutant bnd2 and a commercial cultivar L329 has similar plant height but higher grain yield than the commercial cultivar, suggesting that the allele bnd2 is benefit for hybrid breeding of lodging resistance and high yield in rapeseed.Conclusion: In this study, we found a fresh resource and a new locus for dwarf in rapeseed, which may be benefit for functional analysis of genetic mechanism of plant architecture and grain yield in rapeseed.

Optimizing wheat grain yield: effects of Rht (gibberellin-insensitive) dwarfing genes

1997 ◽  
Vol 128 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. FLINTHAM ◽  
A. BÖRNER ◽  
A. J. WORLAND ◽  
M. D. GALE
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Yield Trials

Four sets of near-isogenic lines carrying different combinations of the alleles Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b and Rht-B1c for gibberellin-insensitive dwarfism in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were compared with tall controls in a series of yield trials in eastern England and central Germany. In all four varietal backgrounds the effects of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b were similar (plant height ≈ 86 and 83% of tall controls respectively) and in combination reduced plant height to c. 58%. The Rht-B1c allele caused more severe dwarfism (c. 50%) and, when combined with Rht-D1b, reduced plant height still further to c. 41%.Data from the trials were consistent with a model for height/yield relationships in which the pleiotropic effects of the Rht alleles on yield can be inferred from their primary function: insensitivity to gibberellin limits stem extension growth, decreasing assimilate demand for this organ and diverting it to the developing ear (which is not itself dwarfed). The net balance between the resulting increase in harvest index and the curvilinear relationship observed between plant height and total shoot yield results in optimum grain yields at intermediate plant heights.Yield advantages of shorter plants over tall controls were evident over several trials with mean grain yields ranging from 200 to 760 g m−2. The optimum plant height for yield improvement in different genetic backgrounds was achieved by different Rht alleles according to the background varietal height, such that intrinsically taller genotypes required more potent Rht alleles to achieve maximum potential grain yield.Ear yield components showed increases in grain number due to Rht pleiotropy, from which it is inferred that the number of grains per ear is limited by supply of assimilates pre-anthesis. Increases in grain number were associated with decreases in mean weight per grain which varied according to severity of dwarfism and varietal background, so that the net effect on grain yield per ear was sometimes positive, sometimes negative, and sometimes neutral in different Rht/variety combinations.

GRAIN YIELD AND MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES FROM 60 YEARS OF GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF WHEAT IN IRAN

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAMID REZA MIRI
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Biological Yield

SUMMARYIn order to understanding the changes in morpho-physiological traits of wheat cultivars released from 1940 to 2000 in Iran and to determine the association of these traits with grain yield, an experiment was conducted with 15 wheat cultivars released over the past 60 years using an randomized complete block design with four replications. The experiment was conducted on an experimental farm of Arsanjan Islamic Azad University in 2005/6 and 2006/7. Results indicated that cultivar grain yield was significantly correlated with year of release over the 60 years (r = 0.878, p < 0.01). Harvest index and biological yield increased significantly with increasing grain yield. The change in the photosynthesis rate was not significant during this period but transpiration rate and stomatal conductance and chlorophyll index increased significantly. Among yield components, grain number per ear increased significantly but increase in ear number was not significant. Plant height decreased significantly in new cultivars. In conclusion the results showed that wheat yield improvement in Iran is associated with increasing harvest index, grain number per ear, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and decreasing plant height.

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