scholarly journals The Action of Vitamin D in Adipose Tissue: Is There the Link between Vitamin D Deficiency and Adipose Tissue-Related Metabolic Disorders?

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Izabela Szymczak-Pajor ◽  
Krystian Miazek ◽  
Anna Selmi ◽  
Aneta Balcerczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Śliwińska
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine Production ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Adipose tissue plays an important role in systemic metabolism via the secretion of adipocytokines and storing and releasing energy. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional and characterized by hypertrophied adipocytes, increased inflammation, hypoxia, and decreased angiogenesis. Although adipose tissue is one of the major stores of vitamin D, its deficiency is detective in obese subjects. In the presented review, we show how vitamin D regulates numerous processes in adipose tissue and how their dysregulation leads to metabolic disorders. The molecular response to vitamin D in adipose tissue affects not only energy metabolism and adipokine and anti-inflammatory cytokine production via the regulation of gene expression but also genes participating in antioxidant defense, adipocytes differentiation, and apoptosis. Thus, its deficiency disturbs adipocytokines secretion, metabolism, lipid storage, adipogenesis, thermogenesis, the regulation of inflammation, and oxidative stress balance. Restoring the proper functionality of adipose tissue in overweight or obese subjects is of particular importance in order to reduce the risk of developing obesity-related complications, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Taking into account the results of experimental studies, it seemed that vitamin D may be a remedy for adipose tissue dysfunction, but the results of the clinical trials are not consistent, as some of them show improvement and others no effect of this vitamin on metabolic and insulin resistance parameters. Therefore, further studies are required to evaluate the beneficial effects of vitamin D, especially in overweight and obese subjects, due to the presence of a volumetric dilution of this vitamin among them.

scholarly journals Dysregulation of Adipose Glutathione Peroxidase 3 in Obesity Contributes to Local and Systemic Oxidative Stress

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 2176-2189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Sok Lee ◽  
A Young Kim ◽  
Jin Woo Choi ◽  
Min Kim ◽  
Shintaro Yasue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Antidiabetic Drug ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Inflammatory Gene Expression ◽  
Systemic Oxidative Stress ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase 3 ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) accounts for the major antioxidant activity in the plasma. Here, we demonstrate that down-regulation of GPx3 in the plasma of obese subjects is associated with adipose GPx3 dysregulation, resulting from the increase of inflammatory signals and oxidative stress. Although GPx3 was abundantly expressed in kidney, lung, and adipose tissue, we observed that GPx3 expression was reduced selectively in the adipose tissue of several obese animal models as decreasing plasma GPx3 level. Adipose GPx3 expression was greatly suppressed by prooxidative conditions such as high levels of TNFα and hypoxia. In contrast, the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine and the antidiabetic drug rosiglitazone increased adipose GPx3 expression in obese and diabetic db/db mice. Moreover, GPx3 overexpression in adipocytes improved high glucose-induced insulin resistance and attenuated inflammatory gene expression whereas GPx3 neutralization in adipocytes promoted expression of proinflammatory genes. Taken together, these data suggest that suppression of GPx3 expression in the adipose tissue of obese subjects might constitute a vicious cycle to expand local reactive oxygen species accumulation in adipose tissue potentially into systemic oxidative stress and obesity-related metabolic complications.

scholarly journals MyD88 determines the protective effects of fish oil and perilla oil against metabolic disorders and inflammation in adipose tissue from mice fed a high-fat diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Mingyuan Hu ◽  
Hangju Zhu ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Hui Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Nuclear Factor Kappa B ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nuclear Factor Kappa ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression

Abstract Background The beneficial effects of ω−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) vary between different sources. However, there is a paucity of comparative studies regarding the effects and mechanisms of marine and plant ω−3 PUFA on obesity. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fish oil (FO) and perilla oil (PO) on glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, and adipokine in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet in association with the contribution of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) pathway. Methods C57BL/6J mice and MyD88−/− mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal chow diet, HF diet, HF diet accompanied by daily gavage with either FO or PO. After 4 weeks, blood biochemistries, adipocyte histology, mRNA, and protein expression of MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways of TLR4 signaling in epididymal adipose tissue were measured. Results In C57BL/6J mice, there were no statistical differences between FO and PO in decreasing body weight, glucose, insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, interleukin-6, and increasing adipocyte counts. FO and PO decreased mRNA and protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta and nuclear factor-kappa B p65. In MyD88−/− mice, the beneficial effects of FO and PO on HF diet-induced metabolism abnormalities and inflammation were abolished. FO and PO had no impacts on mRNA and protein expression of receptor-interacting protein-1, interferon regulate factor 3, and nuclear factor-kappa B p65. Conclusion FO and PO exhibit similar protective effects on metabolic disorders and inflammation through inhibiting TLR4 signaling in a manner dependent on MyD88. These findings highlight plant ω−3 PUFA as an attractive alternative source of marine ω−3 PUFA and reveal a mechanistic insight for preventive benefits of ω−3 PUFA in obesity and related metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Supplementation of Micronutrients Against COVID-19.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaya Kumar Ayyappan Unnithan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Proven Efficacy ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background and Objectives: There is no pharmacological treatment with proven efficacy against coronavirus disease-19. Certain micronutrients have roles in the maintenance of an effective immune system. From the point of view of public health, it will be good to adopt a nutrional strategy to enhance the immunity of the general population against viral diseases.Method and Study design: A review was done to now the evidence for the antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of micronutrients. A search was done in Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for the nutrients with proven effect against viral infection. Experimental studies, clinical studies, reviews, and meta-analyses were studied descripitively.Results: There are experimental studies about the effects of micronutrients against viral infection. Vitamins such as A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate, and trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, magnesium, and copper boost the immune response. The antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E can help in controlling the ‘cytokine storm’, produced by excessive inflammation. Vitamin D can increase anti-inflammatory cytokines. Selenium and zinc can protect the lungs in acute respiratory distress syndrome. There are many meta-analyses on the randomized controlled trials (RCT) about the effect of micronutrients on viral infection. The analyses of the trials supplementing vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and selenium have shown significance. Conclusions: There is level 2A evidence for the beneficial effects of vitamins and micronutrients in improving the immunity against viral infections. So a programme for nutritional supplementation of these can help in fighting the pandemic.

scholarly journals Supplementation of Micronutrients Against COVID-19.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaya Kumar Ayyappan Unnithan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Proven Efficacy ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background and Objectives: There is no pharmacological treatment with proven efficacy against coronavirus disease-19. Certain micronutrients have roles in the maintenance of an effective immune system. From the point of view of public health, it will be good to adopt a nutrional strategy to enhance the immunity of the general population against viral diseases. Method and Study design: A review was done to now the evidence for the antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of micronutrients. A search was done in Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for the nutrients with proven effect against viral infection. Experimental studies, clinical studies, reviews, and meta-analyses were studied descripitively.Results: There are experimental studies about the effects of micronutrients against viral infection. Vitamins such as A, B6, B12, C, D, E, and folate, and trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, magnesium, and copper boost the immune response. The antioxidants like vitamin C and vitamin E can help in controlling the ‘cytokine storm’, produced by excessive inflammation. Vitamin D can increase anti-inflammatory cytokines. Selenium and zinc can protect the lungs in acute respiratory distress syndrome. There are many meta-analyses on the randomized controlled trials (RCT) about the effect of micronutrients on viral infection. The analyses of the trials supplementing vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and selenium have shown significance. Conclusions: There is level 2A evidence for the beneficial effects of vitamins and micronutrients in modulating the immunity against viral infections. So a programme for nutritional supplementation of these can help in fighting the pandemic.

scholarly journals Vitamin D Receptor Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue of Obese Individuals is Regulated by miRNA and Correlates with the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Level

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Izabela Jonas ◽  
Alina Kuryłowicz ◽  
Zbigniew Bartoszewicz ◽  
Wojciech Lisik ◽  
Maurycy Jonas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu

Background: Given the role that vitamin D (VD) plays in the regulation of the inflammatory activity of adipocytes, we aimed to assess whether obesity changes the expression of VD-related genes in adipose tissue and, if so, to investigate whether this phenomenon depends on microRNA interference and how it may influence the local inflammatory milieu. Methods: The expression of genes encoding VD 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) and receptor (VDR), selected interleukins and microRNAs was evaluated by real-time PCR in visceral (VAT) and in subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissues of 55 obese (BMI > 40 kg/m2) and 31 normal-weight (BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2) individuals. Results: VDR mRNA levels were higher, while CYP27B1 levels were lower in adipose tissues of obese patients than in those of normal-weight controls (VAT: P = 0.04, SAT: P < 0.0001 and VAT: P = 0.004, SAT: P = 0.016, respectively). The expression of VDR in VAT of obese subjects correlated negatively with levels of miR-125a-5p (P = 0.0006, rs = −0.525), miR-125b-5p (P = 0.001, rs = −0.495), and miR-214-3p (P = 0.009, rs = −0.379). Additionally, VDR mRNA concentrations in visceral adipose tissues of obese subjects correlated positively with mRNA levels of interleukins: 1β, 6 and 8. Conclusions: We observed obesity-associated up-regulation of VDR and down-regulation of CYP27B mRNA levels in adipose tissue. VDR expression correlates with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and may be regulated by miRNAs.

scholarly journals The Beneficial Effects of Essential Oils in Anti-Obesity Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11832
Author(s):  
Anna De Blasio ◽  
Antonella D’Anneo ◽  
Marianna Lauricella ◽  
Sonia Emanuele ◽  
Michela Giuliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Psychological Issues ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Obese Subjects

Obesity is a complex disease caused by an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity is a medical problem and represents an important risk factor for the development of serious diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some types of cancer. Not to be overlooked are the psychological issues that, in obese subjects, turn into very serious pathologies, such as depression, phobias, anxiety, and lack of self-esteem. In addition to modifying one’s lifestyle, the reduction of body mass can be promoted by different natural compounds such as essential oils (EOs). EOs are mixtures of aromatic substances produced by many plants, particularly in medicinal and aromatic ones. They are odorous and volatile and contain a mixture of terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters. Thanks to the characteristics of the various chemical components present in them, EOs are used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. Indeed, it has been shown that EOs possess great antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor powers. Emerging results also demonstrate the anti-obesity effects of EOs. We have examined the main data obtained in experimental studies and, in this review, we summarize the effect of EOs in obesity and obesity-related metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals A Potential Linking between Vitamin D and Adipose Metabolic Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Zhiguo Miao ◽  
Shan Wang ◽  
Yimin Wang ◽  
Liping Guo ◽  
Jinzhou Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Medical Therapy ◽  
Calcium Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Vitamin D Supplements ◽  
The Relationship

Vitamin D has been discovered centuries ago, and current studies have focused on the biological effects of vitamin D on adipogenesis. Besides its role in calcium homeostasis and energy metabolism, vitamin D is also involved in the regulation of development and process of metabolic disorders. Adipose tissue is a major storage depot of vitamin D. This review summarized studies on the relationship between vitamin D and adipogenesis and furthermore focuses on adipose metabolic disorders. We reviewed the biological roles and functionalities of vitamin D, the correlation between vitamin D and adipose tissue, the effect of vitamin D on adipogenesis, and adipose metabolic diseases. Vitamin D is associated with adipogenesis, and vitamin D supplements can reduce the burden caused by metabolic diseases. The review provides new insights and basis for medical therapy on adipose metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Effects of Hyperoxia on Oxygen-Related Inflammation with a Focus on Obesity

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro González-Muniesa ◽  
Laura Garcia-Gerique ◽  
Pablo Quintero ◽  
Suyen Arriaza ◽  
Amaya Lopez-Pascual ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Hyperoxia Exposure ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Oxygen Concentrations

Several studies have shown a pathological oxygenation (hypoxia/hyperoxia) on the adipose tissue in obese subjects. Additionally, the excess of body weight is often accompanied by a state of chronic low-degree inflammation. The inflammation phenomenon is a complex biological response mounted by tissues to combat injurious stimuli in order to maintain cell homeostasis. Furthermore, it is believed that the abnormal oxygen partial pressure occurring in adipose tissue is involved in triggering inflammatory processes. In this context, oxygen is used in modern medicine as a treatment for several diseases with inflammatory components. Thus, hyperbaric oxygenation has demonstrated beneficial effects, apart from improving local tissue oxygenation, on promoting angiogenesis, wound healing, providing neuroprotection, facilitating glucose uptake, appetite, and others. Nevertheless, an excessive hyperoxia exposure can lead to deleterious effects such as oxidative stress, pulmonary edema, and maybe inflammation. Interestingly, some of these favorable outcomes occur under high and low oxygen concentrations. Hereby, we review a potential therapeutic approach to the management of obesity as well as the oxygen-related inflammation accompanying expanded adipose tissue, based on elevated oxygen concentrations. To conclude, we highlight at the end of this review some areas that need further clarification.

scholarly journals Health Beneficial Properties of Spirulina in Preventing Non-Communicable Diseases - The Green Metabolic Regulator from the Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-819
Author(s):  
SOPHIA OGECHI EKEUKU ◽  
IMA-NIRWANA SOELAIMAN ◽  
KOK-YONG CHIN
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nutritional Components ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Sains Malaysiana 50(3)(2021): 803-819http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5003-21Health Beneficial Properties of Spirulina in Preventing Non-Communicable Diseases - The Green Metabolic Regulator from the Sea(Manfaat Kesihatan Spirulina dalam Mencegah Penyakit Tidak Berjangkit - Pengatur Metabolik Hijau dari Laut)SOPHIA OGECHI EKEUKU, IMA-NIRWANA SOELAIMAN, KOK-YONG CHIN*ABSTRACTSpirulina is a type of cyanobacteria containing various micro- and macronutrients and has been used as a functional food. Due to its nutritional components, spirulina possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can potentially prevent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) triggered by inflammation and oxidative stress. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects of spirulina supplementation on NCDs derived from cellular, animals, and human studies. The current literature generally showed that spirulina could protect against NCDs, such as metabolic disorders, osteoporosis, gastric ulcer, hepatic, renal, and neurological disorders. These beneficial effects were mediated through the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of spirulina and seem to be dependent on dose and duration of treatment. Despite the abundance of preclinical studies, human clinical trials validating the effects of spirulina on NCDs are lacking. These preclinical findings warrant a proper clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of spirulina supplementation in protecting human against NCDs.

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