scholarly journals Glial Modulation of Energy Balance: The Dorsal Vagal Complex Is No Exception

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 960
Author(s):  
Jean-Denis Troadec ◽  
Stéphanie Gaigé ◽  
Manon Barbot ◽  
Bruno Lebrun ◽  
Rym Barbouche ◽  
...  

The avoidance of being overweight or obese is a daily challenge for a growing number of people. The growing proportion of people suffering from a nutritional imbalance in many parts of the world exemplifies this challenge and emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate nutritional balance. Until recently, research on the central regulation of food intake primarily focused on neuronal signaling, with little attention paid to the role of glial cells. Over the last few decades, our understanding of glial cells has changed dramatically. These cells are increasingly regarded as important neuronal partners, contributing not just to cerebral homeostasis, but also to cerebral signaling. Our understanding of the central regulation of energy balance is part of this (r)evolution. Evidence is accumulating that glial cells play a dynamic role in the modulation of energy balance. In the present review, we summarize recent data indicating that the multifaceted glial compartment of the brainstem dorsal vagal complex (DVC) should be considered in research aimed at identifying feeding-related processes operating at this level.

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Jacopo Meldolesi

Astrocytes, the most numerous glial cells in the brains of humans and other mammalian animals, have been studied since their discovery over 100 years ago. For many decades, however, astrocytes were believed to operate as a glue, providing only mechanical and metabolic support to adjacent neurons. Starting from a “revolution” initiated about 25 years ago, numerous astrocyte functions have been reconsidered, some previously unknown, others attributed to neurons or other cell types. The knowledge of astrocytes has been continuously growing during the last few years. Based on these considerations, in the present review, different from single or general overviews, focused on six astrocyte functions, chosen due in their relevance in both brain physiology and pathology. Astrocytes, previously believed to be homogeneous, are now recognized to be heterogeneous, composed by types distinct in structure, distribution, and function; their cooperation with microglia is known to govern local neuroinflammation and brain restoration upon traumatic injuries; and astrocyte senescence is relevant for the development of both health and diseases. Knowledge regarding the role of astrocytes in tauopathies and Alzheimer’s disease has grow considerably. The multiple properties emphasized here, relevant for the present state of astrocytes, will be further developed by ongoing and future studies.


2006 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Cecil ◽  
Peter Watt ◽  
Colin N. Palmer ◽  
Marion Hetherington

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T. Ridley ◽  
Frank P. Brooks

Fasting gastric secretion and secretion during insulin hypoglycemia were collected from hypothalamic hyperphagic rats equipped with chronic gastric fistula in an attempt to correlate the hypothalamic neural mechanisms controlling food intake with gastric secretion. The interdigestive or basal fasting secretion of rats rendered hyperphagic by stereotaxic ablation of the ventromedial nuclei was significantly increased in volume, acid concentration and output, and pepsin output when compared with control and sham-operated rats and rats with hypothalamic lesions without hyperphagia. Hypothalamic hyperphagic rats did not show a significant increase in gastric secretion during insulin hypoglycemia, whereas the other groups did. The levels of hypoglycemia induced by insulin were comparable in all groups. These studies suggest an important role of the ventromedial nuclei in the central regulation of acid and pepsin secretion, and also relate the hypothalamic neural control of gastric secretion to that of food intake. The results also indicate that this nucleus is involved either as a "center" or pathway in the augmentation of gastric secretion by insulin hypoglycemia.


2019 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
G.Zh. Allaeva

The article considers the role of “Uzbekneftegas” JSC in the economic development of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic in the face of increasing global economic globalization. The structure of the company, the priority areas for the development of JSC activities are shown. The perspective directions in hydrocarbon production are considered. The data on the production, use and distribution of natural gas by sectors of the economy of Uzbekistan are presented, and the structure of the energy balance of the Republic of Uzbekistan is shown.


2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (11) ◽  
pp. E1284-E1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayaka Akieda-Asai ◽  
Paul-Emile Poleni ◽  
Yukari Date

CCK and leptin are anorectic hormones produced in the small intestine and white adipose tissue, respectively. Investigating how these hormones act together as an integrated anorectic signal is important for elucidating the mechanisms by which energy balance is maintained. We found here that coadministration of subthreshold CCK and leptin, which individually have no effect on feeding, dramatically reduced food intake in rats. Phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the hypothalamus significantly decreased after coinjection of CCK and leptin. In addition, coadministration of these hormones significantly increased mRNA levels of anorectic cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the hypothalamus. The interactive effect of CCK and leptin on food intake was abolished by intracerebroventricular preadministration of the AMPK activator AICAR or anti-CART/anti-TRH antibodies. These findings indicate that coinjection of CCK and leptin reduces food intake via reduced AMPK phosphorylation and increased CART/TRH in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, by using midbrain-transected rats, we investigated the role of the neural pathway from the hindbrain to the hypothalamus in the interaction of CCK and leptin to reduce food intake. Food intake reduction induced by coinjection of CCK and leptin was blocked in midbrain-transected rats. Therefore, the neural pathway from hindbrain to hypothalamus plays an important role in transmitting the anorectic signals provided by coinjection of CCK and leptin. Our findings give further insight into the mechanisms of feeding and energy balance.


2007 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A Bechtold ◽  
Simon M Luckman

In the three decades since FMRFamide was isolated from the clam Macrocallista nimbosa, the list of RFamide peptides has been steadily growing. These peptides occur widely across the animal kingdom, including five groups of RFamide peptides identified in mammals. Although there is tremendous diversity in structure and biological activity in the RFamides, the involvement of these peptides in the regulation of energy balance and feeding behaviour appears consistently through evolution. Even so, questions remain as to whether feeding-related actions represent a primary function of the RFamides, especially within mammals. However, as we will discuss here, the study of RFamide function is rapidly expanding and with it so is our understanding of how these peptides can influence food intake directly as well as related aspects of feeding behaviour and energy expenditure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (20) ◽  
pp. 11059
Author(s):  
Martha A. Schalla ◽  
Andreas Stengel

Ghrelin and nesfatin-1 are enteroendocrine peptide hormones expressed in rat X/A-like and human P/D1cells of the gastric mucosa. Besides their effect on food intake, both peptides are also implicated in various other physiological systems. One of these is the reproductive system. This present review illustrates the distribution of ghrelin and nesfatin-1 along the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, their modulation by reproductive hormones, and effects on reproductive functions as well as highlighting gaps in current knowledge to foster further research.


Appetite ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Laeger ◽  
Cornelia C. Metges ◽  
Björn Kuhla

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