scholarly journals Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Exacerbate Alzheimer’s Disease? An Overview of Shared Risk Factors and Pathogenetic Mechanisms

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Chiara Villa ◽  
Eleonora Rivellini ◽  
Marialuisa Lavitrano ◽  
Romina Combi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Pathogenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Care Access ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
Shared Risk

The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, is affecting every aspect of global society, including public healthcare systems, medical care access, and the economy. Although the respiratory tract is primarily affected by SARS-CoV-2, emerging evidence suggests that the virus may also reach the central nervous system (CNS), leading to several neurological issues. In particular, people with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are a vulnerable group at high risk of contracting COVID-19, and develop more severe forms and worse outcomes, including death. Therefore, understanding shared links between COVID-19 and AD could aid the development of therapeutic strategies against both. Herein, we reviewed common risk factors and potential pathogenetic mechanisms that might contribute to the acceleration of neurodegenerative processes in AD patients infected by SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Examining the possible causal relationship between lung function, COPD and Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian randomisation study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000759
Author(s):  
Daniel Higbee ◽  
Raquel Granell ◽  
Esther Walton ◽  
Roxanna Korologou-Linden ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Unmeasured Confounding ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

RationaleLarge retrospective case-control studies have reported an association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reduced lung function and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. However, it remains unclear if these diseases are causally linked, or due to shared risk factors. Conventional observational epidemiology suffers from unmeasured confounding and reverse causation. Additional analyses addressing causality are required.ObjectivesTo examine a causal relationship between COPD, lung function and Alzheimer’s disease.MethodsUsing two-sample Mendelian randomisation, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in a genome wide association study (GWAS) for lung function as instrumental variables (exposure). Additionally, we used SNPs discovered in a GWAS for COPD in those with moderate to very severe obstruction. The effect of these SNPs on Alzheimer’s disease (outcome) was taken from a GWAS based on a sample of 24 807 patients and 55 058 controls.ResultsWe found minimal evidence for an effect of either lung function (OR: 1.02 per SD; 95% CI 0.91 to 1.13; p value 0.68) or liability for COPD on Alzheimer’s disease (OR: 0.97 per SD; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.03; p value 0.40).ConclusionNeither reduced lung function nor liability COPD are likely to be causally associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s, any observed association is likely due to unmeasured confounding. Scientific attention and health prevention policy may be better focused on overlapping risk factors, rather than attempts to reduce risk of Alzheimer’s disease by targeting impaired lung function or COPD directly.

scholarly journals Smoking and Obesity as Risk Factors in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: The HUNT Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hege Rasmussen Eid ◽  
Tor Atle Rosness ◽  
Ole Bosnes ◽  
Øyvind Salvesen ◽  
Marlen Knutli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Dementia Diagnosis ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Hunt Study ◽  
Shared Risk

Background: Few studies have assessed smoking and obesity together as risk factors for frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: To study smoking and obesity as risk factors for FTD and AD. Methods: Ninety patients with FTD and 654 patients with AD were compared with 116 cognitively healthy elderly individuals in a longitudinal design with 15–31 years between measurements of risk factors before the dementia diagnosis. Results: There were no associations between smoking and FTD (p = 0.218; odds ratio [OR]: 0.990; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.975–1.006). There were significant associations between obesity and FTD (p = 0.049; OR: 2.629; 95% CI: 1.003–6.894). There were significant associations between both smoking (p = 0.014; OR: 0.987; 95% CI: 0.977–0.997) and obesity (p = 0.015; OR: 2.679; 95% CI: 1.211–5.928) and AD. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that obesity is a shared risk factor for FTD and AD, while smoking plays various roles as a risk factor for FTD and AD.

scholarly journals The vascular contribution to Alzheimer's disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 119 (10) ◽  
pp. 407-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Altman ◽  
John C. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Aβ Amyloid ◽  
Shared Risk

AD (Alzheimer's disease) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of unknown origin. Despite questions as to the underlying cause(s) of this disease, shared risk factors for both AD and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease indicate that vascular mechanisms may critically contribute to the development and progression of both AD and atherosclerosis. An increased risk of developing AD is linked to the presence of the apoE4 (apolipoprotein E4) allele, which is also strongly associated with increased risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent studies also indicate that cardiovascular risk factors, including elevated blood cholesterol and triacylglycerol (triglyceride), increase the likelihood of AD and vascular dementia. Lipids and lipoproteins in the circulation interact intimately with the cerebrovasculature, and may have important effects on its constituent brain microvascular endothelial cells and the adjoining astrocytes, which are components of the neurovascular unit. The present review will examine the potential mechanisms for understanding the contributions of vascular factors, including lipids, lipoproteins and cerebrovascular Aβ (amyloid β), to AD, and suggest therapeutic strategies for the attenuation of this devastating disease process. Specifically, we will focus on the actions of apoE, TGRLs (triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins) and TGRL lipolysis products on injury of the neurovascular unit and increases in blood–brain barrier permeability.

Cell Cycle-Related Protein Expression in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Disease

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (S1) ◽  
pp. 77-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Shared Risk

The link between Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular disease has been long recognized. However, the mechanisms that lead to the development of the two seemingly different pathologies are still elusive. Our studies concentrate on the understanding of the interaction between the two diseases and the deciphering of a possible common pathogenic mechanism. In this context the role of shared risk factors, such as ApoE and elevated plasma homocysteine, is also discussed.

scholarly journals Investigation of common risk factors between polycystic ovary syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Sarahian ◽  
Hosna Sarvazad ◽  
Elham Sajadi ◽  
Nasrin Rahnejat ◽  
Narges Eskandari Roozbahani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Common Risk Factors ◽  
The Common

Abstract Background The most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in premenopausal women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and/or ultrasound evidence of small ovarian cysts. Obesity and insulin resistance are also the main factors influencing the clinical manifestations of this syndrome. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most typical progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, and recent studies suggest a relationship between endocrinal dysregulation and neuronal loss during AD pathology. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the common risk factors for Alzheimer’s and PCOS based on previous studies. Knowing the common risk factors and eliminating them may prevent neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease in the future. Method In this narrative review, international databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and the Web of Science, were searched to retrieve the relevant studies. The relevant studies’ summaries were categorized to discuss the possible pathways that may explain the association between Alzheimer’s and PCOS signs/symptoms and complications. Results According to our research, the factors involved in Alzheimer’s and PCOS disorders may share some common risk factors. In patients with PCOS, increased LH to FSH ratio, decreased vitamin D, insulin resistance, and obesity are some of the most important factors that may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Investigation of common risk factors between polycystic ovary syndrome and Alzheimer's disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Sarahian ◽  
Hosna Sarvazad ◽  
Elham Sajadi ◽  
Nasrin Rahnejat ◽  
Narges Eskandari-Roozbahani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Common Risk Factors

Abstract The most common endocrine disorder among women is Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic ovulation, and/or ultrasound evidence of small ovarian cysts. Obesity and insulin resistance are also the main factors influencing the clinical manifestations of this syndrome. High intakes of fat have been linked to more significant cognitive decline in old age, and due to the growing elderly population, maintaining long-term optimal cognitive function is very important. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most typical progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, and recent studies suggest a relationship between endocrinal dysregulation and neuronal loss during AD pathology. In this narrative review, the international databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, were searched for retrieving the relevant studies. According to the factors involved in Alzheimer's and PCOS, it seems that both disorders may share some common risk factors. In this study, the relevant studies' summaries were categorized to discuss the possible pathways that may explain the association between Alzheimer's and PCOS signs/symptoms and complications. Future preclinical studies are needed to investigate the exact underlining mechanisms related to PCOS and Alzheimer's association.

Paired helical filaments (PHF) in rats: An experimental animal model for Alzheimer's disease

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 842-843
Author(s):  
V.J.A. Montpetit ◽  
S. Dancea ◽  
S.W. French ◽  
D.F. Clapin
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Paired Helical Filaments ◽  
Ethanol Intoxication ◽  
Drg Neurons ◽  
Critical Difference ◽  
Suitable Animal Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Ethanol Intoxication

A continuing problem in Alzheimer research is the lack of a suitable animal model for the disease. The absence of neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments is the most critical difference in the processes by which the central nervous system ages in most species other than man. However, restricting consideration to single phenomena, one may identify animal models for specific aspects of Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal fibers resembling PHF have been observed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons of rats in a study of chronic ethanol intoxication and spontaneously in aged rats. We present in this report evidence that PHF-like filaments occur in ethanol-treated rats of young age. In control animals lesions similar in some respects to our observations of cytoskeletal pathology in pyridoxine induced neurotoxicity were observed.Male Wistar BR rats (Charles River Labs) weighing 350 to 400 g, were implanted with a single gastrostomy cannula and infused with a liquid diet containing 30% of total calories as fat plus ethanol or isocaloric dextrose.

Alzheimer’s Disease Targeted Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 628-646
Author(s):  
Gülcem Altinoglu ◽  
Terin Adali
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Sustained Drug Release ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Conventional Drug ◽  
Health Care Burden ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Effective Drugs

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and is part of a massive and growing health care burden that is destroying the cognitive function of more than 50 million individuals worldwide. Today, therapeutic options are limited to approaches with mild symptomatic benefits. The failure in developing effective drugs is attributed to, but not limited to the highly heterogeneous nature of AD with multiple underlying hypotheses and multifactorial pathology. In addition, targeted drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), for the diagnosis and therapy of neurological diseases like AD, is restricted by the challenges posed by blood-brain interfaces surrounding the CNS, limiting the bioavailability of therapeutics. Research done over the last decade has focused on developing new strategies to overcome these limitations and successfully deliver drugs to the CNS. Nanoparticles, that are capable of encapsulating drugs with sustained drug release profiles and adjustable physiochemical properties, can cross the protective barriers surrounding the CNS. Thus, nanotechnology offers new hope for AD treatment as a strong alternative to conventional drug delivery mechanisms. In this review, the potential application of nanoparticle based approaches in Alzheimer’s disease and their implications in therapy is discussed.

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