scholarly journals Addressing Social Inequality and Improper Water Distribution in Cities: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1278
Author(s):  
Shahmir Janjua ◽  
Ishtiaq Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Umair Ali ◽  
Malik Muhammad Ibrahim ◽  
Amad Zafar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Nash Bargaining ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Allocation Mechanism ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Nash Bargaining Theory ◽  
The City

Inhabited by almost 20 million people, Karachi, also known as the “city of lights”, houses almost 60 percent of the industries in Pakistan and is considered as the financial and industrial center of the country. The city contributes almost 12–15 percent to the gross domestic product (GDP), showing its significance in Pakistan’s economy. Unfortunately, with the increase in population, the city is facing a serious shortage of water supply. The current allocation of water among the city's districts is not equitable, which has caused water scarcity and even riots in some areas. Surface water and ground water are the two primary sources of water supply in the city. The water supply provided by Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB) is approximately 650 million gallons per day (MGD) against a demand of 480–866 million gallons per day (MGD), resulting in a serious shortfall. Keeping a holistic view in mind, this paper focuses specifically on proposing measures to address the gap in proposing concrete solutions to manage Karachi’s increasing water woes. It also proposes a water allocation mechanism and uses Nash bargaining theory to address the inefficient and unequal water distribution. Results indicate that our suggested policies and water allocation mechanism have the potential to simultaneously resolve the supply–demand mismatch and water shortage problems of the city.

scholarly journals A joint-probabilistic programming method for water resources optimal allocation under uncertainty: a case study in the Beiyun River, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-409
Author(s):  
Xueping Gao ◽  
Yinzhu Liu ◽  
Bowen Sun
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Joint Probability ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Copula Functions ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Allocation Plans

Abstract In recent years, the lower reaches of the Beiyun River have suffered from growing water resource shortages due to the reduction of upstream water resource and drying up of the stream channel. More reasonable and scientifically based water allocation plans should be developed and implemented; however, uncertainties exist regarding the determination of water supply availability and spillage of extra water. To assess and manage regional water shortage, the combined effects of multiple water supply sources as well as the joint probability of typical events should be considered. The joint probability of water supply, considering upstream and local water supplies, was estimated through the copula functions. A multi-objective optimization model was then developed and solved by improved genetic algorithms to plan water resources allocation within a multi-source environment containing multiple competitive users. The framework is demonstrated, and represents a range of different water supply scenarios in terms of different probabilities of occurrence and constraint violations. The results showed that water allocation was greatly influenced by uncertainties, especially in upstream-local water supply. In addition, violating water-allocation constraint posed an extra uncertainty. This study facilitates the proposition of adaption allocation plans for uncertain environments, aiming to balance the shortage, economy, and reliability.

scholarly journals Application of a water balance adapted to intermittent water supply and flat-rate tariffs without customer metering in Tiruvannamalai, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miran Mastaller ◽  
Philipp Klingel
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Water Utility ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Water Association ◽  
The City

Abstract Establishing the water balance developed by the International Water Association (IWA) is a worldwide applied approach to determine and analyse water losses in water distribution systems (WDS). The water balance covers those parts of a WDS within the responsibility of the water utility. Water losses occurring ‘before’ a customer meter are at the expense of the utility, while water lost or wasted ‘after’ the meter is paid for by the customer. This applies to systems where customer metering is in place and/or consumption is charged according to the consumed volumes. However, many WDS in the world lack customer meters, are operated intermittently and apply flat-rate tariffs. In intermittent supplies, a considerable amount of water is lost or wasted within the private properties. The flat-rate tariff might not cover this amount or part of the amount. Thus, actual consumption and wastage should be separately quantified with respect to the utility's water reduction measures. Accepting the described conditions, the authors have developed an adaption of the IWA water balance and the methods to establish the balance. In this paper the application of the developed approach in an initially unmetered WDS with intermittent water supply in the city of Tiruvannamalai, India, is presented.

scholarly journals A New Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Methodology for the Selection of New Water Supply Infrastructure

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Amorocho-Daza ◽  
Sergio Cabrales ◽  
Raquel Santos ◽  
Juan Saldarriaga
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Analysis ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Supply Problem ◽  
Study Support ◽  
The City

Reliable and safe access to drinking water is necessary to ensure the economic and social sustainable development of human communities. This task requires a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methodology to select alternatives for new water supply infrastructure. These alternatives represent significant financial resources and are established for a long lifespan. To support decision-making in the context of building new water supply infrastructure, this study developed an MCDA methodology that integrates a hierarchy of non-economic benefits and the expected costs into a global index. Our methodology was implemented in the city of Santa Marta, Colombia. This city currently has a 60% drinking water shortage, and urgently needs to expand its capacity to satisfy the increasing water demand. The results of this study support the implementation of the best alternative for addressing Santa Marta’s water supply problem by considering the preferences of stakeholders.

scholarly journals A study of drinking water quality before and after its purification in Saint-Petersburg

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-15
Author(s):  
Tatiana Ivanovna Zhilochkina ◽  
Andrei Igorevich Seliverstov
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The City ◽  
Comprehensive Study

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of drinking water before and after its purification. Water samples taken at 5 water supply and 5 water distribution stations of the city were used in the study. The author comes to the conclusion that the use of the monitoring system allows you to respond quickly to any changes in the quality of the drinking water, and quickly make decisions that affect its purification.

Integrated approach to reducing drinking water losses in the distribution networks in the city of Sebastopol

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
А.В. Степакин ◽  
А.Н. Перегуда ◽  
С.Г. Зайцева ◽  
Д.А. Горбачев ◽  
М.Н. Сопыряев
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Acoustic Monitoring ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
The City

Природный дефицит водных ресурсов в сочетании с высокой степенью износа систем водоснабжения обусловливает напряженную ситуацию с обеспечением питьевой водой в Крыму. За последние несколько лет для решения проблемы на региональном и федеральном уровне были разработаны и реализуются программы модернизации водного хозяйства полуострова. Одной из ключевых задач этих программ является снижение потерь воды, которые в настоящее время достигают 40–60%. Описан комплекс мероприятий, направленных на снижение потерь воды в г. Севастополе. Комплекс мер, разработанный в соответствии с международным опытом и российскими рекомендациями, учитывает существующее состояние системы водоснабжения Крыма. Мероприятия включают в себя создание современного комплекса управления сетями, зонирование водопроводной сети, регулирование давления, мониторинг и устранение утечек. По результатам анализа производственных показателей определено, что первоочередным мероприятием для Севастополя является внедрение современной системы акустического мониторинга на распределительных сетях, которая позволит эффективно обнаруживать скрытые утечки и сэкономить городу тысячи кубометров дефицитной питьевой воды. Описаны результаты пилотного проекта по обследованию 5 км водопроводных сетей системой акустического мониторинга. The natural scarcity of water resources coupled with a high degree of deterioration of water supply systems result in a tense situation with the drinking water supply in Crimea. Over the past few years, a number of programs of upgrading the peninsula's water industry have been developed and are being implemented in order to solve the problem at the regional and federal levels. One of the key objectives of these programs is to reduce water losses that currently reach 40–60%. A set of measures aimed at reducing water losses in Sebastopol is described. The set of measures developed in accordance with the international experience and Russian recommendations takes into account the current condition of the Crimean water supply system. The activities include designing an advanced network management complex, zoning of the water supply network, pressure regulation, monitoring and elimination of leaks. Based on the results of the analysis of the performance indicators, it was determined that the priority measure for Sebastopol was the introduction of an advanced acoustic monitoring system in the water distribution networks that would provide for detecting effectively latent leaks and saving the city thousands of cubic meters of scarce drinking water. The results of a pilot project on the inspection of 5 km of the water supply networks using the acoustic monitoring system are described.

scholarly journals Fluoride concentration in public water supply: 72 months of analysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzely Adas Saliba Moimaz ◽  
Orlando Saliba ◽  
Fernando Yamamoto Chiba ◽  
Doris Hissako Sumida ◽  
Cléa Adas Saliba Garbin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
The Public ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The City

Known as one of the ten most important advances on Public Health in the 20th century, fluoridation of public water supply is a measure of wide population coverage, which is effective on caries control. The city of Araçatuba, in the Northwest region of the São Paulo state, Brazil, started public water supply fluoridation in 1972 and, based on the average annual highest temperature, has kept the fluoride concentration between 0.6 to 0.8 mgF/L. The purpose of this study was to analyze monthly the fluoride concentration in public water supply in the city of Araçatuba during 72 months. Water samples were collected monthly on weekdays, directly from the water distribution network, on pre-established locations and analyzed in duplicate between November 2004 and October 2010 at the Research Laboratory of the Nucleus for Public Health (NEPESCO) of the Public Health Graduate Program from Araçatuba Dental School/UNESP, Brazil, using an fluoride-specific electrode connected to an ion analyzer. From the total of samples (n=591), 67.2% (n=397) presented fluoride concentration between 0.6 and 0.8 mgF/L; 20.6% (n=122) below 0.6 mgF/L; 11.5% (n=68) between 0.8 and 1.2 mgF/L and 0.7% (n=4) above 1.2 mgF/L. Most samples showed fluoride levels within the recommended parameters. Minimal variation was observed among the analyzed collection locations, showing that the city has been able to control the fluoride levels in the public water supply and reinforcing the importance of surveillance and constant monitoring to assure the quality of the water delivered to the population.

Water supply systems in Cyrenaica during the Greek and Roman periods: Cyrene in context

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Mohamed Omar M Abdrbba
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
General Information ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
The City

AbstractThis article investigates water supply systems in Cyrenaica during both the Greek and Roman periods. Beginning with some general information on water supply systems in Cyrenaica's other cities, it goes on to describe aqueducts and water cisterns recorded during the Cyrene Archaeological Surveys (CAS) around Cyrene in 2015 and 2017. The article explains how water was stored and delivered to the city of Cyrene in antiquity and offers a wider discussion on water distribution in Cyrene in the Greek era and how water supply systems developed through time, moving into the Roman period.

Management strategy of emergencies and events in the monitoring of water distribution in Paris

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 483-487
Author(s):  
F. Montiel ◽  
J. Coutelan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
New Sensors ◽  
Real Time Information ◽  
The City ◽  
Time Information

For water distributors, management of emergencies and the follow-up of events in real time represent an essential aspect of their work. Proper management of this information makes for optimization of its use and enables one to avoid a large number of problems regarding water supply thanks to improved reactivity and more precisely-focused action. Since 1992, Sagep (Société Anonyme de Gestion de l’Eau de Paris) to whom the City of Paris has entrusted responsibility for its water supply, has equipped itself with a computerized real-time monitoring system. Initially, this system processed 5,000 pieces of real-time information, which permitted monitoring of the 1,600 km of drinking water pipes and made possible distribution of the 650,000 m3 of drinking water consumed daily by Parisians. In 1996, given the enormous progress achieved with regard to information systems and measuring devices installed in the pipe networks, the Scada at Sagep was modernized. This made possible the integration of the fresh information necessitated by developments in the supply system of the City of Paris, plant renovation, new sensors, the traceability of events and water quality follow-up. These developments led to the integration and management of 17,500 pieces of real-time information, over three-quarters of which are made up of emergencies or events. It seems clear that it is impossible to manage such a mass of real-time information in the absence of a rigorous processing strategy. To exploit this set of data in optimal fashion, Sagep has developed a system of management of emergencies based on three thrusts: identification, qualification and processing.

Bacterial Contamination Associated With Electronic Faucets: A New Risk for Healthcare Facilities

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hargreaves ◽  
Larry Shireley ◽  
Shannon Hansen ◽  
Virginia Bren ◽  
Gordon Fillipi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Surgical Critical Care ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
City Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Plate Counts ◽  
The City

AbstractObjective:To investigate the safety of the hospital water supply following a major flood.Design:Surveillance was conducted of the hospital water supply as it entered the hospital and at randomly selected water faucets throughout the facility.Setting:A newly constructed surgical critical-care unit in a 265-bed community hospital that had to be evacuated and was out of operation for 6 weeks following a major flood of the city.Methods:Random water samples throughout the facility were analyzed for heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs), chlorine, and coliforms utilizing standard methods.Results:Water samples entering the hospital met appropriate standards, indicating the city water distribution system was not contaminated. Of 169 faucets tested, 13 (22%) of 59 electronic faucets exceeded the HPC threshold, and 12 (11%) of 110 manual faucets exceeded the HPC threshold (P<.14). A comparison of two brands of electronic faucets with manual faucets and with each other revealed that the HPC threshold was exceeded by 11 (32%) of 34 brand A faucets as compared to 12 (11%) of 110 manual faucets (P<.006). The HPC threshold was exceeded by 2 (8%) of 25 brand B faucets compared to 12 (11%) of 110 manual faucets (P<.94). Contamination rates of brand A and brand B faucets differed significantly (P<.003). Similar testing 2 months after hyperchlorination of the water supply indicated that the HPC threshold was exceeded by 16 (52%) of 31 brand A faucets compared to 10 (9.%) of 110 manual faucets (P<.0000003) and by 2 (18%) of 25 brand B faucets compared to 10 (9%) of 110 manual faucets (P=1.0).Conclusions:A certain brand of electronic water faucet used in the hospital was associated with unacceptable levels of microbial growth in water and was a continuing source of bacteria potentially hazardous to patients.

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