scholarly journals Metabolism in Retinopathy of Prematurity

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1119
Author(s):  
Yohei Tomita ◽  
Ayumi Usui-Ouchi ◽  
Anders K. Nilsson ◽  
Jay Yang ◽  
Minji Ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Retinal Disorder

Retinopathy of prematurity is defined as retinal abnormalities that occur during development as a consequence of disturbed oxygen conditions and nutrient supply after preterm birth. Both neuronal maturation and retinal vascularization are impaired, leading to the compensatory but uncontrolled retinal neovessel growth. Current therapeutic interventions target the hypoxia-induced neovessels but negatively impact retinal neurons and normal vessels. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic disturbance is a significant and underexplored risk factor in the disease pathogenesis. Hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia correlate with the retinal neurovascular dysfunction in infants born prematurely. Nutritional and hormonal supplementation relieve metabolic stress and improve retinal maturation. Here we focus on the mechanisms through which metabolism is involved in preterm-birth-related retinal disorder from clinical and experimental investigations. We will review and discuss potential therapeutic targets through the restoration of metabolic responses to prevent disease development and progression.

scholarly journals Environmental Epigenetics: Crossroad between Public Health, Lifestyle, and Cancer Prevention

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Romani ◽  
Maria Pia Pistillo ◽  
Barbara Banelli
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Chromatin Remodeling ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Health Lifestyle ◽  
Environmental Epigenetics ◽  
Epigenetic Modifiers ◽  
Psychological Influence ◽  
Potential Use

Epigenetics provides the key to transform the genetic information into phenotype and because of its reversibility it is considered an ideal target for therapeutic interventions. This paper reviews the basic mechanisms of epigenetic control: DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and ncRNA expression and their role in disease development. We describe also the influence of the environment, lifestyle, nutritional habits, and the psychological influence on epigenetic marks and how these factors are related to cancer and other diseases development. Finally we discuss the potential use of natural epigenetic modifiers in the chemoprevention of cancer to link together public health, environment, and lifestyle.

scholarly journals The Association Between Intestinal Bacteria and Allergic Diseases—Cause or Consequence?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Han ◽  
Jian-Qing Gu ◽  
Li-Sha Li ◽  
Xue-Yan Wang ◽  
Hong-Tian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Allergic Disorders

The incidence of allergic disorders has been increasing over the past few decades, especially in industrialized countries. Allergies can affect people of any age. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex and involves genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, and the response to medication is very variable. For some patients, avoidance is the sole effective therapy, and only when the triggers are identifiable. In recent years, the intestinal microbiota has emerged as a significant contributor to the development of allergic diseases. However, the precise mechanisms related to the effects of the microbiome on the pathogenesis of allergic diseases are unknown. This review summarizes the recent association between allergic disorders and intestinal bacterial dysbiosis, describes the function of gut microbes in allergic disease development from both preclinical and clinical studies, discusses the factors that influence gut microbial diversity and advanced techniques used in microbial analysis. Ultimately, more studies are required to define the host-microbial relationship relevant to allergic disorders and amenable to new therapeutic interventions.

scholarly journals Screening and Follow-up for Retinopathy of Prematurity

2018 ◽  
pp. 29-33
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Effective Screening ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Premature Babies

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) that occurs in premature babies and can result in blindness is one of the vascular diseases of the retina. Currently, increased preterm birth and the survival of very small babies cause an increase in ROP incidence. Through effective screening programs, ROP can be detected and treated timely. The aim of this study is to review the most current global screening programs and the latest situation in our country.

scholarly journals The experience with the application of multimodal anesthesia in pediatric ophthalmology for the treatment of the children presenting with retinopathy of prematurity

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-211
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Sergeevna Korobova ◽  
L. M Balashova ◽  
E. V Poduskov ◽  
Yu. D Kuznetsova ◽  
T. A Milashchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
Inhalation Anesthetics ◽  
Anesthetic Effect ◽  
Hemodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Group 2

Purpose. The objective of the present study was the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness and adequacy of the regional anesthetic medication as a component of multimodal anesthesia applied in ophthalmological surgery for the treatment of the children presenting with retinopathy of prematurity. Materials and methods. The study included the comparative analysis of anesthetic support in 120 cases of the surgical intervention for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in the children at the age varying from 1 month to 1 year. The comparison involved three groups of the patients. The main group was comprised of the children treated with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent paracetamol in the combination with retrobulbar (peribulbar) or infraocular anesthesia and the peripheral van Lint block (14 anesthesias). The control group 1 consisted of the children treated with the narcotic analgesic fentanyl (46 anesthesias) while the control group 2 was composed of the children (n = 60) given inhalation anesthesia with the use of oxygen, nitrous oxide, and sevorane). The principal hemodynamic characteristics including the heart rate, mean, systemic, systolic, and diastolic arterial pressure as well as electrocardiogram, concentration of inhalation anesthetics, capnometry, and the blood oxygenation level were monitored. In addition, the severity of pain and the frequency of apnoea during the postoperative period were evaluated. Results. The application of regional anesthesia with the use of a 0.2% solution of naropin in ophthalmological surgery for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity in the children ensures strong enough anesthetic effect in the absence of the additional therapeutic interventions that might influence the hemodynamic characteristics and allows to refuse to use narcotic preparations as well as reduce the concentration of inhalation anesthetics. This method improves the course of the postoperative period by virtue of the long-standing anesthetic effect, rapid restoration of consciousness, the absence of postoperative apnoea, reduction of the postoperative starvation time, and the promotion of accelerated rehabilitation of the patients.

scholarly journals Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy human derived cells retain their ability to increase mitochondrial function

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242443
Author(s):  
Carla Basualto-Alarcón ◽  
Félix A. Urra ◽  
María Francisca Bozán ◽  
Fabián Jaña ◽  
Alejandra Trangulao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Inflammatory Myopathy ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Calcium Handling ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Atp Production

Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies (IIMs) have been studied within the framework of autoimmune diseases where skeletal muscle appears to have a passive role in the illness. However, persiting weakness even after resolving inflammation raises questions about the role that skeletal muscle plays by itself in these diseases. "Non-immune mediated" hypotheses have arisen to consider inner skeletal muscle cell processes as trigger factors in the clinical manifestations of IIMs. Alterations in oxidative phosphorylation, ATP production, calcium handling, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, among others, have been proposed as alternative cellular pathophysiological mechanisms. In this study, we used skeletal muscle-derived cells, from healthy controls and IIM patients to determine mitochondrial function and mitochondrial ability to adapt to a metabolic stress when deprived of glucose. We hypothesized that mitochondria would be dysfunctional in IIM samples, which was partially true in normal glucose rich growing medium as determined by oxygen consumption rate. However, in the glucose-free and galactose supplemented condition, a medium that forced mitochondria to function, IIM cells increased their respiration, reaching values matching normal derived cells. Unexpectedly, cell death significantly increased in IIM cells under this condition. Our findings show that mitochondria in IIM is functional and the decrease respiration observed is part of an adaptative response to improve survival. The increased metabolic function obtained after forcing IIM cells to rely on mitochondrial synthesized ATP is detrimental to the cell’s viability. Thus, therapeutic interventions that activate mitochondria, could be detrimental in IIM cell physiology, and must be avoided in patients with IIM.

scholarly journals Circadian regulation of metabolism

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (2) ◽  
pp. R75-R96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon M Bailey ◽  
Uduak S Udoh ◽  
Martin E Young
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Circadian Regulation ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Regulation Of Metabolism ◽  
Behavioral Influences ◽  
Review Current

In association with sleep–wake and fasting–feeding cycles, organisms experience dramatic oscillations in energetic demands and nutrient supply. It is therefore not surprising that various metabolic parameters, ranging from the activity status of molecular energy sensors to circulating nutrient levels, oscillate in time-of-day-dependent manners. It has become increasingly clear that rhythms in metabolic processes are not simply in response to daily environmental/behavioral influences, but are driven in part by cell autonomous circadian clocks. By synchronizing the cell with its environment, clocks modulate a host of metabolic processes in a temporally appropriate manner. The purpose of this article is to review current understanding of the interplay between circadian clocks and metabolism, in addition to the pathophysiologic consequences of disruption of this molecular mechanism, in terms of cardiometabolic disease development.

Respiratory Muscle Injury: Evidence to Date and Potential Mechanisms

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Darlene Reid ◽  
Tyler James Clarke ◽  
Alison M. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Muscle Injury ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Muscle Dysfunction ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Resistive Loading

Respiratory muscle dysfunction associated with ventilatory loading may be partially attributed to respiratory muscle injury. Exertion-induced muscle injury can be defined as structural alterations of the muscle, however, a better understanding of the biochemical, morphologic, and functional correlates of injured respiratory muscles will facilitate discrimination of how injury, fatigue, and weakness contribute to respiratory muscle dysfunction. In addition to the increased loads associated with lung disease, many factors such as poor arterial blood gases, immobilization, sepsis, decreased nutrition, and corticosteroids may increase susceptibility to exertion-induced respiratory muscle injury. Respiratory muscle injury in humans is not well-described, however, more extensive evidence has been shown in animal models of increased ventilatory loading. Potential mechanisms of respiratory muscle injury are mechanical stress, metabolic stress, and inflammation. In order to optimize therapeutic interventions, a better understanding of these mechanisms and the patients that are most susceptible to respiratory muscle injury needs to be determined. Key words: resistive loading, respiratory muscles, exertion, muscle adaptation, muscle injury

Methodologic Considerations for Epigenomic Investigation of Preterm Birth in African American Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 019394592110303
Author(s):  
Alexandra L. Nowak ◽  
Carmen Giurgescu ◽  
Jodi L. Ford ◽  
Amy Mackos ◽  
Joyce Ohm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
African American Women ◽  
White Women ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
American Women ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes

Epigenetic modifications are chemical changes that can modify gene expression without changing the sequence of the gene. These modifications are potentially identifiable and reversible, making the epigenome an important area of research for discovering biomarkers to identify those who may be at risk and providing therapeutic interventions to prevent adverse health outcomes. African Americans bear a disproportionate risk of adverse health outcomes (e.g., hypertension, cancer). Indeed, African American women experience preterm birth (PTB; <37 completed weeks gestation) at more than twice the rate of non-Hispanic White women. Research suggests that environmental influences may play a significant role in PTB outcomes for this population. However, the biological pathways by which these influences contribute to PTB are poorly understood. This paper describes research methods and ethical considerations for the collection and analysis of biological samples based on our study examining the epigenetic regulation of stress pathways in PTB in pregnant African American women.

scholarly journals Mechanical influences on in silico tumor evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Rosenbauer ◽  
Marco Berghoff ◽  
James A. Glazier ◽  
Alexander Schug
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Evolutionary Speed

AbstractExperimental insight and conceptual understanding of tumor growth are steadily growing and leading to new therapeutic interventions. Experiments and clinical studies are able to link single-cell properties to macroscopic tumor attributes. The development of cellular subpopulations in heterogeneous tumors can be understood as an evolutionary system with different cell types competing over both space and nutrients. However, to predict the growth trajectory and development of a tumor, fitness and trade-offs of cell properties in the context of the surroundings are required and often inaccessible. The optimum of the evolutionary trajectory provides a target for intervention, but can mostly not be identified. We propose that the optimal value of cellular properties is influenced by the tumor surrounding. Computational multiscale-modeling of tissue enables the observation of the trajectory of each cell while modeling the tumor surrounding. We model a 3D spheroid tumor and the fitness of individual cells and the evolutionary behavior of the tumor are quantified and linked to global parameters. Cell–cell adhesion and cell motility are two important mechanical properties for cell development and used as free parameters. Mechanical properties alone are able to drive the tumor towards low adhesion.We implement a dynamically changing nutrient surrounding representing the fluctuating blood-supply through blood vessel collapse and angiogenesis. We find that the evolutionary speed depends on the frequency of the fluctuations. We identify a frequency domain in which the evolutionary speed is significantly increased over a tumor with constant nutrient supply. The findings suggest that mechanically-induced fluctuations can accelerate tumor evolution.Author summaryLimited space and nutrients together with competing cell types drive an evolutionary process inside tumors. This process selects for the fittest cell types and optimizes the growing behavior for its local surroundings. An expanding tumor exerts mechanical forces on its cells and its surroundings, leading to a fluctuating nutrient supply through collapsing blood vessels. Here, we observe the influence of a dynamically changing surrounding on the evolutionary behavior of heterogeneous tumors in a high-resolution computational model. We find that the evolutionary speed depends on the frequency of the fluctuations and a fitness advantage of low-adhesion cells.

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