scholarly journals Upscaling of Permanent Magnet Dismantling and Recycling through VALOMAG Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Fernando Coelho ◽  
Shoshan Abrahami ◽  
Yongxiang Yang ◽  
Benjamin Sprecher ◽  
Zhijie Li ◽  
...  

Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) based permanent magnets are indispensable in today’s technology-driven society. Moreover, their use is likely to increase since they are key in clean energy applications such as wind turbines, hybrid/electric vehicles, and electric bikes. They contain critical raw materials as rare earth elements are used. Indeed, permanent magnets are considered strategic materials by the EU, and their recycling represents a potential secondary supply to decrease the import dependence. The VALOMAG project is developing a technical solution to recover rare earth (RE) based permanent magnets by dismantling end-of-life (EoL) products such as computer hard disc drives, electric motors, and generators from electric vehicles and wind turbines. It also assesses two short loop recycling technologies: Hydrogen Decrepitation (HD) or Hydrogenation–Disproportionation–Desorption–Recombination (HDDR) and strip-casting for high and medium quality magnet wastes; and hydrometallurgical processes for EoL low-quality magnets. Moreover, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Process Integration with a Flowsheet simulation tool will integrate the whole recycling value chain (collection, dismantling, physical and chemical treatment options, and re-manufacturing) and assess the environmental impact and processes efficiency. A market study on the types and expected future quantities for the scrap magnets and the characterisation of the EoL magnets from hard disc drives (HDD) will be presented as preliminary results. Pre-treatment and sorting of 2.5 tons of NdFeB magnets scraps were carried out, and the two short loop recycling routes and the hydrometallurgical route are under investigation at the lab and pilot scale. The results will be used to develop a process integration and to assess the three routes through LCA.

2013 ◽  
Vol 769 ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Tremel ◽  
Benjamin Hofmann ◽  
Florian Risch

Due to rapid developments within the family of rare-earth materials innovative electrical machines can nowadays be used as high efficient generators in various power, as well as rugged constructed machines for automobile battery based propulsion in hybrid and full electric vehicles. The production of different motor concepts spread into different design variants and creates complex variations especially regarding the rotor. Deriving from various research projects, the handling of the permanent magnet components is investigated, including the development of new assembly and fixation methods.


Significance Ten years after first imposing export restrictions on these metals, China's dominance has shifted but not waned. President Xi Jinping's visit to a rare earth magnet factory at the height of the trade war with Washington in 2019 highlights how China's dominance has moved downstream. Impacts Permanent magnets will account for three-quarters of rare earth demand by 2030, up from one-quarter today. Electric vehicles and offshore wind will drive demand and be most vulnerable to supply shocks. The United States has ramped up mining production at home, and by next year could start processing, which is today done in China. The environmental burden that China has borne for decades will shift towards other countries, particularly in South-east Asia.


2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baolu Zhou ◽  
Zhongxue Li ◽  
Yiqing Zhao ◽  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Yixin Wei

Abstract Rare earth elements (REEs) provide important properties to clean energy technologies such as wind turbine and hybrid electric vehicles. The global REE demand will grow rapidly during the global transformation toward a greener economy in the next decades. This high demand will require a steady supply chain in the long run. China has a monopoly of global REE production and extraction. The global REE supply chain runs the risk of disruption along with Chinese REE policy evolution. To overcome this supply chain vulnerability, new strategies and measures should be adopted to satisfy future REE supply/demand. There is a pressing need to explore REE deposits, develop efficient REE recycling techniques from end-of-life products, improve substitution technologies for REEs, and reduce the number of critical REEs used in devices. Such measures are facing significant challenges due to environmental factors and an unbalanced market, and overcoming them requires efforts from government and REE companies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1365-1369
Author(s):  
Vladimir Prakht ◽  
Vladimir Dmitrievskii ◽  
Vadim Kazakbaev ◽  
Mohamed N. Ibrahim

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Ali Al-Qarni ◽  
Ayman EL-Refaie

This paper covers a new emerging class of electrical machines, namely, Magnetic Gears (MGs) and Magnetically Geared Machines (MGMs). This particular kind of gears/machines is capable of either scaling up or down the revolutions-per-minute to meet various load profiles as in the case of mechanical gearboxes, but with physical isolation between the rotating components. This physical isolation between the rotational components leads to several advantages in favor of MGs and MGMs over mechanical gearboxes. Although MGs and MGMs can potentially provide a solution for some of the practical issues of mechanical gears, MGs and MGMs have two major challenges that researchers have been trying to address. Those challenges are the high usage of rare-earth Permanent Magnet (PM) materials and the relatively complex mechanical structure of MGs and MGMs, both of which are a consequence of the multi-airgap design. This paper presents designs that reduce the PM rare-earth content for Electric Vehicles (EVs). Additionally, the paper will ensure having practical designs that do not run the risk of permanent demagnetization. The paper will also discuss some new designs to simplify the mechanical structure.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiao Jia ◽  
Yuye Wu ◽  
Shuang Zhao ◽  
Shulan Zuo ◽  
Konstantin P. Skokov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Valerio De Santis

Recent advances in computational electromagnetics (CEMs) have made the full characterization of complex magnetic materials possible, such as superconducting materials, composite or nanomaterials, rare-earth free permanent magnets, etc [...]


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 3102
Author(s):  
Md. Zakirul Islam ◽  
Seungdeog Choi ◽  
Malik E. Elbuluk ◽  
Sai Sudheer Reddy Bonthu ◽  
Akm Arafat ◽  
...  

The rare-earth (RE) permanent magnets (PM) have been increasingly adopted in traction motor application. However, the RE PM is expensive, less abundant, and has cost uncertainties due to limited market suppliers. This paper presents a new design of a RE-free five-phase ferrite permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (Fe-PMaSynRM) with the external rotor architecture with a high saliency ratio. In such architecture, the low magnetic coercivity and demagnetization risk of the ferrite PM is the challenge. This limits the number of flux barriers, saliency ratio, and reluctance torque. A precise analytical design procedure of rotor and stator configuration is presented with differential evolution numerical optimizations by utilizing a lumped parameter model. A 3.7 kW prototype is fabricated to validate the proposed idea.


JOM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Kaplan ◽  
Ellen Wachtel ◽  
Konstantin Gartsman ◽  
Yishay Feldman ◽  
Kyoung-Tae Park ◽  
...  

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