Cornus hongkongensis (Hemsl.) is an excellent ornamental tree species in China and elsewhere. In 2019, C. hongkongensis anthracnose was firstly observed at the campus of Jiangxi Agricultural University (JXAU) (28°45′56″N, 115°50′21″E), then found in parks, Nanchang, China. In early August, the disease appeared and lasted until the leaves dropped (November). The disease incidence was above 60%, and the diseased leaf rate was above 70%. The lesions mostly appeared along the leaf edges. Some small round to irregular lesions also developed in other parts of the leaves. These diseased leaves had circular or irregularly shaped spots with gray-white color in the center and dark brown on the edge of the lesions. Later, the lesions became necrotic and shriveled. As the disease progressed, the spots coalesced so that affected leaves appeared blighted (Supplementary Figure 1 A-C). To identify the pathogen, leaves with typical symptoms from the campus of JXAU were collected and small pieces (5 × 5 mm) from the lesion borders were surfaced sterilized in 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 1 min in 3% NaOCl, and then rinsed with sterile distilled water three times. Leaf pieces were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25 °C under a 12-h light/dark cycle (3000 lx). Pure cultures were obtained from individual conidia by single spore isolates. For studies of microscopic morphology, a representative isolate JX-S4 was subcultured on PDA. The colony of JX-S4 was white and turning gray and light gray on the reverse side, producing dark-green pigmentation near the center (Supplementary Figure 1 D). The conidia were one-celled, straight, hyaline, subcylindrical with rounded ends and 16.9 ± 1.6 × 6.0 ± 0.6 µm (n = 50) in size. Appressoria were one-celled, pale brown, thick-walled, ellipsoidal, and measured 8.7 ± 1.7 × 6.4 ± 0.8 µm (n = 50) (Supplementary Figure 1 E, F). The morphological characteristics of JX-S4 matched those of the Colletotrichum siamense species (Weir et al. 2012). For accurate identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the genes encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), chitin synthase (CHS-I), beta-tubulin 2 (TUB2), and calmodulin (CAL) were respectively amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4, GDF/GDR, CHS-79F/CHS-345R, βt2a/βt2b, and CL1/CL2. The sequences were deposited in GenBank (Accession nos. MT587807, MT628710, MT628709, MT628711, and MT628708). Phylogenetic analysis was calculated with concatenated sequences (ITS, GAPDH, CHS-I, CAL, and TUB2) using MEGA 7. In the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree, Isolate JX-S4 was clustered with C. siamense with 93% bootstrap support (Supplementary Figure 2). Based on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, JX-S4 was identified as C. siamense. Pathogenicity test of JX-S4 was verified on 45 attached healthy leaves from three C. hongkongensis plants (10-year-old) at the campus of JXAU inoculated with mycelial plugs (φ=5 mm) from the culture edge (6-day-old) on PDA. And an additional 45 healthy leaves were inoculated with PDA plugs as controls. The leaves were wounded with a red-hot needle (φ=0.5 mm). All treatment and control leaves were wrapped up with black plastic bags to keep them moist for 2 days. The pathogenicity tests were repeated twice. Within 7 days, all the inoculated leaves developed the lesions, which were similar to those observed in the field. Control leaves were asymptomatic (Supplementary Figure 1 G, H). The same fungus was re-isolated from the symptomatic tissues, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. siamense causing C. hongkongensis anthracnose. This finding provides crucial information for managing this disease. For example, when diagnosing Cornus anthracnose, C. siamense needs to be looked out for and appropriate control measures implemented.
Biocontrol Potential of Chitin and Chitosan Extracted from Black Soldier Fly Pupal Exuviae against Bacterial Wilt of Tomato
