scholarly journals Recent Advancements in Metallurgical Processing of Marine Minerals

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1437
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Ochromowicz ◽  
Kurt Aasly ◽  
Przemyslaw B. Kowalczuk
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Metallurgical Processing ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Extraction Of Metals ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Polymetallic manganese nodules (PMN), cobalt-rich manganese crusts (CRC) and seafloor massive sulfides (SMS) have been identified as important resources of economically valuable metals and critical raw materials. The currently proposed mineral processing operations are based on metallurgical approaches applied for land resources. Thus far, significant endeavors have been carried out to describe the extraction of metals from PMN; however, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, it lacks a thorough review on recent developments in processing of CRC and SMS. This paper begins with an overview of each marine mineral. It is followed by a systematic review of common methods used for extraction of metals from marine mineral deposits. In this review, we update the information published so far in peer-reviewed and technical literature, and briefly provide the future perspectives for processing of marine mineral deposits.

Carrier Flotation: State of the Art and its Potential for the Separation of Fine and Ultrafine Mineral Particles

2019 ◽  
Vol 959 ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Eckert ◽  
Edgar Schach ◽  
Gunter Gerbeth ◽  
Martin Rudolph
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particle ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Froth Flotation ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mineral Particles ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Critical raw materials (CRMs) are of primary importance for energy storage systems as needed for electromobility. Many mineral deposits which contain CRMs are low-grade ores. To liberate the CRMs, a grinding of the mineral ores to very fine sizes below 20 µm particle size is necessary. However, the present class of industrial flotation plants fail to extract such fine and ultrafine particles. To improve the recovery in fine particle flotation, techniques have been developed which attempt to agglomerate the fine valuable particles into larger aggregates which subsequently can be separated by established technologies such as froth flotation. Carrier flotation is one of these techniques. The present work reviews the state of the art of this technique for the recovery of fines and ultrafines.

scholarly journals Iron Metallurgy Slags as a Potential Source of Critical Elements - Nb, Ta and REE

Mineralogia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kasina ◽  
Marek Michalik
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Steelmaking Slags ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Metallurgical Processes ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Abstract The recovery of valuable metals from metallurgical slag disposals is a promising option to protect natural resources, limited due to technology development and increased consumption. The Ad-hoc Working Group on Defining Critical Raw Materials within the Raw Materials Supply Group has proposed a list of critical elements which have the greatest economic importance and meet the requirements of sustainable development in Europe. The goal of this study was to examine steelmaking- and blast-furnace slags from metallurgical processes to determine concentrations of elements of the greatest criticality for Poland, e.g. Nb, Ta and REE, and to discuss the viability of their recovery. Slag analyses indicate enrichment of REE relative to UCC, NASC and average chondrite compositions in blast-furnace slags and Nb and Ta in steelmaking slags. To make recovery of these critical elements reasonable and profitable, it is recommended that they be recovered together with other useful raw materials.

scholarly journals On the Possibilities of Critical Raw Materials Production from the EU’s Primary Sources

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Ewa Lewicka ◽  
Katarzyna Guzik ◽  
Krzysztof Galos
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Potential Availability ◽  
Critical Mineral ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Sufficient supplies of critical raw materials (CRMs) for rapidly developing technologies, e.g., Li-ion batteries, wind turbines, photovoltaics, digitization, etc., have become one of the main economic challenges for the EU. Due to growing import dependency and associated risk of supply disruptions of these raw materials from third countries, there is a need to encourage their domestic production. This is an important starting point for EU value chains crucial for the sustainable economic growth of the whole Union. This contribution has evaluated the possibilities of CRMs supply from the EU’s primary sources. A three-step approach, including an assessment of CRMs’ importance for the EU’s economic growth, their significance in at least two of the three strategic industrial sectors (i.e., renewable energy, e-mobility, defense and aerospace), and their potential availability from EU mineral deposits, has been applied. Results of the analysis have shown that, of 29 critical mineral raw materials (according to the 2020 EC list), the potential to develop manufacturing from the Union mineral deposits exists for 11 CRMs, i.e., cobalt, graphite (natural), HREE, LREE, lithium, magnesium, niobium, PGMs, silicon metal, titanium, and tungsten, while some other CRMs, namely gallium, germanium, indium, and vanadium can be recovered as by-products. Measures to mitigate EU import dependency have been also proposed.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Potential Benefits and Constraints of Development of Critical Raw Materials’ Production in the EU: Analysis of Selected Case Studies

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Guzik ◽  
Krzysztof Galos ◽  
Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska ◽  
Toni Eerola ◽  
Pasi Eilu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Abandoned Mines ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Cost And Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Major benefits and constraints related to mineral extraction within the EU have been identified on the examples of selected critical raw materials’ deposits. Analyzed case studies include the following ore deposits: Myszków Mo-W-Cu (Poland), Juomasuo Au-Co (Finland), S. Pedro das Águias W-Sn (Portugal), Penouta Nb-Ta-Sn (Spain), Norra Kärr REEs (Sweden) and Trælen graphite (Norway). They represent different stages of development, from the early/grassroot exploration stage, through advanced exploration and active mining, up to reopening of abandoned mines, and refer to different problems and constraints related to the possibility of exploitation commencement. The multi-criteria analysis of the cases has included geological and economic factors as well as environmental, land use, social acceptance and infrastructure factors. These factors, in terms of cost and benefit analysis, have been considered at three levels: local, country and EU levels. The analyzed cases indicated the major obstacles that occur in different stages of deposit development and need to be overcome in order to enable a new deposit exploitation commencement. These are environmental (Juomasuo and Myszków), spatial (Juomasuo) as well as social constraints (Norra Kärr, Juomasuo). In the analyzed cases, the most important constraints related to future deposit extraction occur primarily at a local level, while some important benefits are identified mainly at the country and the EU levels. These major benefits are related to securing long-term supplies for the national industries and strategically important EU industry sectors.

scholarly journals Nitrile Synthesis with Aldoxime Dehydratases: A Biocatalytic Platform with Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis, Bulk Chemicals, and Biorefineries

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4466
Author(s):  
Pablo Domínguez de María
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Synthesis ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Polymer Chemistry ◽  
Fine Chemicals ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Bulk Chemicals ◽  
Recent Developments

Nitriles comprise a broad group of chemicals that are currently being industrially produced and used in fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals, as well as in bulk applications, polymer chemistry, solvents, etc. Aldoxime dehydratases catalyze the cyanide-free synthesis of nitriles starting from aldoximes under mild conditions, holding potential to become sustainable alternatives for industrial processes. Different aldoxime dehydratases accept a broad range of aldoximes with impressive high substrate loadings of up to >1 Kg L−1 and can efficiently catalyze the reaction in aqueous media as well as in non-aqueous systems, such as organic solvents and solvent-free (neat substrates). This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in this field with emphasis on strategies that may be of relevance for industry and sustainability. When possible, potential links to biorefineries and to the use of biogenic raw materials are discussed.

scholarly journals The Critical Raw Materials Issue between Scarcity, Supply Risk, and Unique Properties

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1826
Author(s):  
Mihaela Girtan ◽  
Antje Wittenberg ◽  
Maria Luisa Grilli ◽  
Daniel P. S. de Oliveira ◽  
Chiara Giosuè ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovation Networks ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
European Cooperation ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

This editorial reports on a thorough analysis of the abundance and scarcity distribution of chemical elements and the minerals they form in the Earth, Sun, and Universe in connection with their number of neutrons and binding energy per nucleon. On one hand, understanding the elements’ formation and their specific properties related to their electronic and nucleonic structure may lead to understanding whether future solutions to replace certain elements or materials for specific technical applications are realistic. On the other hand, finding solutions to the critical availability of some of these elements is an urgent need. Even the analysis of the availability of scarce minerals from European Union sources leads to the suggestion that a wide-ranging approach is essential. These two fundamental assumptions represent also the logical approach that led the European Commission to ask for a multi-disciplinary effort from the scientific community to tackle the challenge of Critical Raw Materials. This editorial is also the story of one of the first fulcrum around which a wide network of material scientists gathered thanks to the support of the funding organization for research and innovation networks, COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

scholarly journals Complex Concentrated Alloys for Substitution of Critical Raw Materials in Applications for Extreme Conditions

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1197
Author(s):  
Dumitru Mitrica ◽  
Ioana Cristina Badea ◽  
Beatrice Adriana Serban ◽  
Mihai Tudor Olaru ◽  
Denisa Vonica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Level Of Involvement ◽  
General Evaluation ◽  
Critical Metal ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

The paper is proposing a mini-review on the capability of the new complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) to substitute or reduce the use of critical raw materials in applications for extreme conditions. Aspects regarding the regulations and expectations formulated by the European Union in the most recent reports on the critical raw materials were presented concisely. A general evaluation was performed on the CCAs concept and the research directions. The advantages of using critical metals for particular applications were presented to acknowledge the difficulty in the substitution of such elements with other materials. In order to establish the level of involvement of CCAs in the reduction of critical metal in extreme environment applications, a presentation was made of the previous achievements in the field and the potential for the reduction of critical metal content through the use of multi-component compositions.

Economic and geographical potential of the organization of new forms of economy in Jabrayil district

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Ləman Müşfiq qızı Həsənzadə ◽  
◽  
Tapdıq Güləhməd oğlu Həsənov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Geography ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Global Transport ◽  
Effective Organization

One of the most urgent tasks of economic geography in the article is to ensure the sustainable development of the Jabrayil region on new foundations, whose economic and social facilities, which have been under occupation for many years, have been completely destroyed. The initial data collected on the objects destroyed in the area as a result of the analysis and their geographical location can be used as substantive information in the reconstruction activities of the district. As a result of the analysis, the existing potential in the region: favorable transport, new Zangilan and Fizuli centers in the neighborhood, sand, cement raw materials, fertile lands, canals, rivers, hydropower and solar resources will have a significant impact on the rehabilitation and development of farms. As a result of the research, the optimal centers for the location of "smart villages" in the region were identified. The article will focus on the development of local and global transport routes through the region, the use of local mineral deposits and the effective organization of internal and external relations. The information obtained as a result of the research will allow to build the perspective territorial planning of the regional economy on the basis of existing standards. Key words: consequences of occupation, advantages of reconstructed forms of economy, substantiation of centers, features of distribution in the area

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