scholarly journals Purification of Industrial Copper Electrolyte from Bismuth Impurity

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Patrycja Kowalik ◽  
Dorota Kopyto ◽  
Mateusz Ciszewski ◽  
Michał Drzazga ◽  
Katarzyna Leszczyńska-Sejda

This work focused on purifying copper electrolytes from a bismuth impurity on a laboratory scale. The electrolyte came from Polish copper electrorefineries with the content of main components, g/dm3: 49.6 Cu, 160 H2SO4. The electrolyte was enriched in bismuth by Bi2O3 addition. Purification of bismuth contamination was carried out using selected agents with adsorbing effects, such as barium hydroxide octahydrate, strontium carbonate, barium carbonate, barium and lead sulfates. The trials were performed until achieving the Bi level—below 0.1 g/dm3. During the experiments, it was noticed that electrolyte purification degree depends on initial Bi concentration in electrolyte, time and temperature, as well as on the type and amount of the bismuth-lowering agent. The most satisfactory results of Bi impurity removal were with additions of barium hydroxide octahydrate, strontium carbonate and barium carbonate to electrolyte at 60 °C for 1 h. These parameters revealed the highest electrolyte purification degree. Bismuth is not removed effectively from electrolytes by barium sulfate or lead sulfate addition. The efficiency of the purification process is much higher when the agents are added to the solution in the form of carbonates or hydroxides. Extending the electrolyte purification process time may cause dissolution of bismuth from the resulting precipitate and increase of bismuth concentration in electrolytes.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2131 (3) ◽  
pp. 032065
Author(s):  
O Girikov ◽  
E Matyushenko ◽  
E Voitov

Abstract The research on the removal of sulfates from mine wastewater is presented in the article. A new purification method has been proposed that allows removing a significant part of sulfates by precipitation in the form of barium sulfate. The present studies were devoted to the removal of sulfates from mine wastewater with a sulfate content of 1050 mg/l by introducing various doses of barium-containing reagents, namely barium chloride, hydroxide and barium carbonate. Among the listed reagents, the best results were obtained, using barium chloride and hydroxide. The use of barium chloride with a dose of 2700 mg/l and barium hydroxide with a dose of 3200 mg/l made it possible to reduce the concentration of sulfates below the maximum permissible (100 mg/l) when discharged into a reservoir for fishery purposes. A reliable in operation technological scheme for removing sulfates from highly concentrated mine wastewater has been developed, which makes it possible to reduce sulfates in the treated waste liquid discharged into the reservoir to 100 mg/l and below. In this case, the purification is carried out with separation of streams - in a smaller part (about 26% of the incoming); barium chloride is introduced, in the second - barium hydroxide. After that, the streams are mixed again, settled, sent to the calciner and to the post-treatment facilities and discharged into the reservoir. The resulting sludge is stored in special landfills or is processed to extract valuable components.


1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 620-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Kress

Abstract The 1.0 to 2.5 per cent of sulfur normally present in rubber products is oxidized with concentrated nitric acid-bromine reagent, followed by perchloric acid in the presence of excess lead nitrate. Sulfur as lead sulfate is precipitated and washed with acetone. The lead sulfate is dissolved in 50 per cent hydrochloric acid, and absorbance of the lead chloride complex is recorded at 270 mµ. Sulfur is calculated on the basis of the measured lead content of the precipitate. The high sensitivity puts the method in the micro-range. An experienced analyst can analyze 40 to 50 samples a day. Precision and accuracy are comparable to those of the conventional barium sulfate gravimetric method at the low sulfur concentrations normally found in rubber products.


RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (25) ◽  
pp. 21148-21155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Ma ◽  
Yuehong Shu ◽  
Hongyu Chen

Lead sulfate, lead dioxide and lead oxide are the main components of lead paste in a spent lead-acid battery.


Author(s):  
Zhikun Chen ◽  
Tao Luo ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Biyu Peng ◽  
Chunxiao Zhang

Leather made with soybean phospholipid fatliquors is prone to problems such as yellowing, elevated hexavalent chromium content, and undesirable odor. In this study, the aforementioned typical defects of soybean phospholipid fatliquors were investigated in respect to the main components, the antioxidants and the unsaturation degree of the natural soybean phospholipid. The results showed that the oxidation of soybean phospholipid is the primary source for its yellowing, elevated hexavalent chromium content, and undesirable odor. The volatile aldehydes produced by lipid oxidative rancidity are the main components of the undesirable odor. The purification of natural soybean phospholipid through removing the non-phospholipid components cannot solve the problems caused by oxidation of phospholipid. Furthermore, as a typical natural antioxidant existing in natural soybean phospholipid, tocopherols can restrain the oxidation of phospholipid to a certain degree, however, the dissolving out and destruction of tocopherols at high temperature in the phospholipid purification process can lead to more obviously oxidation of phospholipids. Additionally, the oxidation defects of phospholipid cannot be completely resolved by adding extra tocopherols, even at high dosages. The research finds that the defects of soybean phospholipid fatliquors can be thoroughly solved by increasing the saturation degree of lipid through addition reaction, the suggested iodine value of phospholipid products is lower than 20 g I2/100 g.


2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (42) ◽  
pp. 5619-5622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantel C. Tester ◽  
Michael L. Whittaker ◽  
Derk Joester

Confinement effects in giant liposomes lead to dramatic stabilization of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), intermediate stabilization of amorphous strontium carbonate (ASC), but has no effect on the precipitation of barium carbonate.


Author(s):  
Eric M. Stoddart ◽  
Frederick George Donnan

Morley, in his classical researches, pointed out that various impurities were present in the gases produced by electrolysis of sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide solutions. Using the latter method, Lord Rayleigh, by addition of a small quantity of baryta, attempted to minimize the amount of hydrocarbons present in the hydrogen as impurity, derived from the carbonate present in the alkali. Baker pointed out that the action of baryta on potassium carbonate is a reversible one, particularly in the presence of such a large excess of potash, and concluded that Rayleigh's precaution might not be particularly effective. Baker recommended the electrolysis of pure barium hydroxide solution, in which barium carbonate is insoluble, and which consequently must give hydrogen tree from hydrocarbons. He also noted that, with the use of pure baryta solution, the oxygen is apparently free from ozone and hydrogen peroxide. It is to be noted that Baker gave no details concerning the shape and material of his electrodes, or of the currents employed in the electrolysis. The method of electrolysing baryta, using nickel electrodes has become a standard method of preparing small quantities of pure oxygen. The present author has employed the apparatus shown in fig. 1 for this purpose during the past few months. The apparatus consists of two vessels, A and B, constructed from 1-inch internal diameter tubing, carrying nickel electrodes, the upper ends of which are welded to platinum wires sealed through the glass, the seals being sufficiently strong to allow currents up to 2 amperes to pass without cracking the glass. The use of nickel is justified owing to its low hydrogen and oxygen over-voltages. The electrodes are constructed from 18 S. W. O. pure nickel wire, 3 feet of which is coiled up as shown. These electrodes have a fairly large surface area—approximately 34 sq cm. The baryta solution was saturated at room temperature and a layer of pure barium hydroxide was allowed to settle on the bottom of the outer jar. The electrolysis was carried out, using a current of 1 ampere, which kept the temperature of the solution at about 60°C. The oxygen was used in experiments, and was found at first to be highly satisfactory.


2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 1225-1232
Author(s):  
Sebastian Bräuchle ◽  
Clivia Hejny ◽  
Hubert Huppertz

AbstractBaSr2Ge3O9 was prepared by high-temperature solid-state synthesis at 1100°C in a platinum crucible from barium carbonate, strontium carbonate, and germanium(IV) oxide. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1̅ (no. 2) isotypically to walstromite BaCa2Si3O9. The structure was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data: a=7.104(5), b=10.060(7), c=7.099(5) Å, α=83.0(2), β=77.0(2), γ=70.2(2)°, V=464.3(6) Å3, R1=0.0230, and wR2=0.0602 for all data. BaSr2Ge3O9 is characterized by three-membered rings of germanate tetrahedra. There are three crystallographically different Ge sites (Ge1, Ge2, and Ge3) in each [Ge3O9]6− ring. The rings occur in layers with the apices of alternating rings pointing in opposite directions. The Sr2+ and Ba2+ ions are located in between. The Sr1 cation is eight-fold coordinated, while Sr2 is octahedrally surrounded by oxide anions, and the Ba cation again eight-fold coordinated.


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