scholarly journals Added-Value Chemicals from Lignin Oxidation

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4602
Author(s):  
Carina A. Esteves Costa ◽  
Carlos A. Vega-Aguilar ◽  
Alírio E. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Lignin Valorization ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Lignin Oxidation ◽  
H2o2 Oxidation ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industries ◽  
Energy Strategies ◽  
Different Sources

Lignin is the second most abundant component, next to cellulose, in lignocellulosic biomass. Large amounts of this polymer are produced annually in the pulp and paper industries as a coproduct from the cooking process—most of it burned as fuel for energy. Strategies regarding lignin valorization have attracted significant attention over the recent decades due to lignin’s aromatic structure. Oxidative depolymerization allows converting lignin into added-value compounds, as phenolic monomers and/or dicarboxylic acids, which could be an excellent alternative to aromatic petrochemicals. However, the major challenge is to enhance the reactivity and selectivity of the lignin structure towards depolymerization and prevent condensation reactions. This review includes a comprehensive overview of the main contributions of lignin valorization through oxidative depolymerization to produce added-value compounds (vanillin and syringaldehyde) that have been developed over the recent decades in the LSRE group. An evaluation of the valuable products obtained from oxidation in an alkaline medium with oxygen of lignins and liquors from different sources and delignification processes is also provided. A review of C4 dicarboxylic acids obtained from lignin oxidation is also included, emphasizing catalytic conversion by O2 or H2O2 oxidation.

scholarly journals Supported-Metal Catalysts in Upgrading Lignin to Aromatics by Oxidative Depolymerization

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Cédric Cabral Almada ◽  
Aleksandr Kazachenko ◽  
Pascal Fongarland ◽  
Denilson Da Silva Perez ◽  
Boris N. Kuznetsov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Catalyst ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Supported Metal Catalysts ◽  
Lignin Valorization ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Platinum Particles ◽  
Lignin Oxidation ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Supported Gold ◽  
Lignin Depolymerization

Supported gold and platinum particles on titanium oxide catalysts were evaluated in the oxidative depolymerization of lignins toward high added value aromatics under mild conditions (T: 150 °C, Pair: 20 bar, CNaOH: 10 g/L, 1 h). Kraft and ethanol Organosolv lignins were engaged in the study. Gold catalyst showed a strong tendency to further oxidize aromatics produced from lignin depolymerization to volatile compounds leading to very low yield in target molecules. On the contrary, platinum-based catalysts were allowed to observe enhanced yields that were attributed to its ability to preserve lignin’s substructure during the reaction. A kinetic model was constructed based on the results observed, which allowed us to identify the occurrence of condensation reactions during lignin oxidation and degradation of the produced aromatic compounds as the main limitations to reach high product yields. Insights on lignin oxidation and the catalyst’s role lead through this study would help to reach higher control over lignin valorization.

Erasmus Skills

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
New Host ◽  
International Context ◽  
Host Culture ◽  
Sources Of Support ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

Students participating in mobility experiences need to constantly adapt to new circumstances, not only during the experience itself, but also before leaving and after returning to their home country. They change their lifestyle, get acquainted with other cultural forms and, in some cases, they even change habits and attitudes to adapt to the new host culture. In this scenario, the different sources of support for students are of great added-value, e.g. family, friends, classmates, as well as the receiving institution – higher education institutions (HEIs) in our case. The supporting role of HEIs in the process of sending students abroad could go beyond the administrative dimension of it. A way of doing that is by offering a provision of support services on the acknowledgment and maximisation of their learning process and acquired competences (understood as a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes – see Boyatzis, 1982; or Council of Europe, 2018) gained during their adaptation to a new international context. In this way, HEIs could increase the impact of such mobility experiences on students’ professional and personal development.

scholarly journals 8.6. Analysis of the development trend of energy strategies of the BRICS member countries in the field of energy resources use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ц. Чжоу
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Development Trend ◽  
Energy Strategies

В данной статье авторы обозначили, что страны – члены БРИКС определили повышение эффективности использования ресурсов как одно из своих приоритетных направлений развития. Различие между странами состоит в том, что Российская Федерация как основной поставщик и экспортер энергии уделяет больше внимания увеличению использования ископаемой энергии за счет увеличения ее добавленной стоимости, остальные же страны – члены БРИКС (с дефицитом энергоресурсов) трансформируют свою структуру потребления энергии, сокращая использование угля за счет увеличения использования возобновляемых источников энергии. In this article, the authors indicated that the BRICS member countries have identified improving the efficiency of resource use as one of their priority areas of development. The difference between the countries is that Russia, as the main supplier and exporter of energy, pays more attention to increasing the use of fossil energy by increasing the added value of energy, while the rest of the BRICS member countries (with a shortage of energy resources) transform their energy consumption structure by reducing the use of coal by increasing the use of renewable energy sources.

Geographic Marketing in Support of Decision-Making Processes

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Maria Fernanda Augusto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Growth Prospects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Sources

Nowadays, geographic information and spatial aspects are essential elements for the definition of companies' strategies. With the use of different sources data, companies were able to obtain insights that they could not obtain without the spatial component and were able to use them to optimize their business. Then, geographic marketing presents itself as an added value for companies, one of the key factors being its role in supporting decision making. The main attributes of geographic marketing or GeoMarketing allow us to identify and present through digital maps the behavior and trends of certain variables based on characteristics of a market. The meticulous study of spatial and demographic information generated by GeoMarketing are crucial for important strategic adjustments in the business plan, such as definitions related to the location considered ideal for the business, target audience, price and growth prospects, among other factors. In this context, GeoMarketing will be introduced, exploring its scope, applicability, and relevance of its use in support of the decision-making process.

scholarly journals Melt Stable Functionalized Organosolv and Kraft Lignin Thermoplastic

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1108
Author(s):  
Shubhankar Bhattacharyya ◽  
Leonidas Matsakas ◽  
Ulrika Rova ◽  
Paul Christakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Transition Temperature ◽  
Glass Transition Temperature ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Lignin Valorization ◽  
1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Viable Biomass

A shift towards an economically viable biomass biorefinery concept requires the use of all biomass fractions (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) for the production of high added-value products. As lignin is often underutilized, the establishment of lignin valorization routes is highly important. In-house produced organosolv as well as commercial Kraft lignin were used in this study. The aim of the current work was to make a comparative study of thermoplastic biomaterials from two different types of lignins. Native lignins were alkylate with two different alkyl iodides to produce ether-functionalized lignins. Successful etherification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, changes in the molecular weight of lignin, as well as 13C and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thermal stability of etherified lignin samples was considerably improved with the T2% of organosolv to increase from 143 °C to up to 213 °C and of Kraft lignin from 133 °C to up to 168 °C, and glass transition temperature was observed. The present study shows that etherification of both organosolv and Kraft lignin with alkyl halides can produce lignin thermoplastic biomaterials with low glass transition temperature. The length of the alkyl chain affects thermal stability as well as other thermal properties.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency in European Ports: State-Of-Practice and Insights on the Way Forward

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Sdoukopoulos ◽  
Maria Boile ◽  
Alkiviadis Tromaras ◽  
Nikolaos Anastasiadis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Port Authorities ◽  
Energy Union ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Different Sources

The changing energy landscape in Europe, marked with the development of the Energy Union in 2015, had a profound impact also on the European port sector. With European ports becoming key points of energy production, but also being prominent energy users, energy consumption has naturally risen into a top environmental priority for port authorities. To this end, the paper provides a pragmatic and comprehensive overview of the main policies, technologies and practices that European ports have adopted to-date for enhancing their energy efficiency. Addressing a gap that has been identified in relevant recent literature, it gathers actual data and port experiences from many different sources in a first attempt to better facilitate knowledge and experience-sharing activities, that will support ports in collectively moving towards a zero-emission and climate-neutral future. Most importantly, it presents an effort to rationalize research findings, assist in aligning them with practice, shed more light on the exploitation path of this line of research and better inform future research efforts.

scholarly journals Risk management and internal audit: Evidence from Greece

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Drogalas ◽  
Stiliani Siopi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Internal Auditor ◽  
Internal Audit Function ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mailed Survey

Risk management is ranked by financial executives as one of their most important objectives. For this reason, a wide range of literature on risk management has been developed. Within this fluid business environment, internal audit plays a key role in monitoring a company’s risk profile and identifying areas for improving risk management processes. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the factors that impact on risk management regarding internal audit function. Empirical evidence was collected by means of a mailed survey. Regression analysis is used in order to illustrate the information gathered. Consistent with theory and our expectations, the results indicate that internal audit, internal auditor and added value of internal audit are statistically significantly associated with risk management.

scholarly journals Contribution of Sentinel-2 data for applications in vegetation monitoring

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pia Addabbo ◽  
Mariano Focareta ◽  
Salvo Marcuccio ◽  
Claudio Votto ◽  
Silvia Liberata Ullo
Keyword(s):  
Added Value ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Vegetation Monitoring ◽  
Multispectral Data ◽  
Monitoring Applications ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Land Surfaces ◽  
Project Data ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Sentinel 2

<p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">With the entry into operation of the Sentinel-2 mission in June 2015, a new land monitoring costellation of twin satellites has been added to Copernicus project from ESA and new insights have been derived through the combination of Sentinel-2 data with other optical/multispectral data, and with other data from satellites belonging to the same Copernicus  project.  To this end, the objective of this paper has been to present new added-value tools first through the integration of different satellite platforms: data from NASA Landsat-8 and ESA Sentinel-1 have been used and combined, and furthermore through the comparison of satellite data all from the same Copernicus project: data from Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 have been jointly processed and compared. Although data from optical/multispectral sensors, as those of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2, and data from SAR on board of Sentinel-1,  are very different,  their combination provides useful and interesting results. The integration and combination of these data can find useful application in many fields from oceans to waterways, from land surfaces to fossil deposits, from vegetation to forest areas. In this works authors have focused their interest in green areas and vegetation monitoring applications, by choosing as case of interest the Royal Palace of Caserta and its gardens.  The idea has started from the increasing interest in monitoring  the cultural heritage monuments and in particular  the surrounding vegetation with the green areas and the parks inside. Satellite images can put into evidence boundaries modifications, the vegetation state, their possible degradation, and other phenomena such as changes in the territories due both to natural and to anthropogenic causes. Data combination from different sources as above specified gives a good number of indexes very useful to analyze the vegetation state and its health in a very deep way. Many of these indexes have been calculated and discussed for investigation.</span></p>

scholarly journals Importance of the Saharan Heat Low on the control of the North Atlantic free tropospheric humidity deduced from IASI δD observations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Lionel Lacour ◽  
Cyrille Flamant ◽  
Camille Risi ◽  
Cathy Clerbaux ◽  
Pierre-François Coheur
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Turbulent Mixing ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Free Troposphere ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Heat Low

Abstract. The isotopic composition of water vapour in the North Atlantic free troposphere is investigated with IASI measurements of the D/H ratio (δD) above the ocean. We show that in the vicinity of West Africa, the seasonality of δD is particularly strong (160 ‰), which is related with the installation of the Saharan Heat Low (SHL) during summertime. The SHL indeed largely influences the dynamic in that region by producing deep turbulent mixing layers, yielding a specific water vapor isotopic footprint. The influence of the SHL on the isotopic budget is analysed at various time and space scales and is shown to be large, highlighting the importance of the SHL dynamics on the moistening and the HDO-enrichment of the free troposphere over the North Atlantic. We also report important inter-annual variations of δD above Izana (Canary Islands) that we interpret, using backward trajectory analyses, in terms of the ratio of air-masses coming from the North Atlantic and air-masses coming from the African continent. Finally, we present spatial distributions of δD and humidity above the North Atlantic and we show that the different sources and dehydration pathways controlling the humidity can be disentangled thanks to the added value of δD observations.

Creating Costumer Value in Corporate Social Responsibility for Cultural Heritage

2018 ◽  
pp. 163-184
Author(s):  
Nil Engizek ◽  
Filiz Eroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Customer Value ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Good Issue ◽  
Corporate Social

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is described as companies' voluntary practices on social and environmental issues. It is employed as a PR activity which also gives consumers a positive company image and provides sustainability and profit increase for the benefit of the company. Namely, consumers become one of the crucial parties that companies deal with because the view is that consumers are prone to buy products produced by the companies with CSR. However, consumers should perceive an added value for themselves provided by these products. At this point, subject of CSR is important to create this added value and cultural product may be a good issue which customers may feel good to be involved. In other words, the more companies benefit from valorization of cultural products in the context of CSR, the more consumers perceive added value for themselves. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview the relationships among CSR, cultural product, and customer value.

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